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Note1
THE STATES OF EUROPE
hyperbook
a reference book for the Amiga
By David White
 D.White 1994)
"The States of Europe"
Note1
THE STATES OF EUROP
Welcome to the hyperbook "States of
Europe". This hyperbook is all about the
nations of Europe, from Albania to Yugoslavia.
It contains 48 nation factfiles, each one
representing a European
 country,
containing vital information about each
one. As this is an interactive
presentation you can 
call up extra
information on a country by just clicking
on-screen buttons. This program also contains
information on the organisations of Europe,
including the EU, and some other features. It
was produced by David White using Gold Disk`s
Hyperbook program
"Introduction"
Note1
HOW TO USE THE HYPERBOOK SYSTEM
Using the Hyperbook system couldn`t be easier. At the top of
each page in the book is a panel containing six buttons.
Clicking on one of these with the left mouse button will
perform it`s function. The first button on the panel will move
you back to the previous page in the book. Clicking the next
button will move you to the next page in the book. The third
button will bring you back to the first page in the book. The
fourth button will bring you to the very last page in the
book. The fifth button will move you to the last page you
were on. The last button will present you with a table of
contents. Clicking on a page here will bring you to it.
Click on the button below for a diagram of the navigation
panel functions.
The other button below will explain the menu items, on the
next page.
Button1
%States_of_Europe:Pictures/diagram.iff
Diagram
Button2
The Menus
"How To Use Hyperbook"
Note1
Hyperbook Menus
There are two pull-down menus:The Project and Commands Menu
Project Menu
LOAD:
 This loads a new hyperbook
: Saves the
current book 
PRINT
 This will print out the page if a printer
is set up-this is handy for, eg, doing projects and using SoE as
a reference source 
ABOUT
 Information about the HBReader
creators.
 Quits the book
Commands Menu
FIND TEXT
 One of the books best features.When
you have selected this you can type in text and then the
computer will locate it for you in the book. Example, if you
were doing a cross word and the clue required you to name
the country in which the River Seine is located all you would
have to do is type in "Seine" and the computer will locate the
page it is on, thus revealing the country. 
FIND PAGE
 A similar
function, but to find a page. 
FIND AGAIN
 Will repeat a search.
SHOW PAGE LINKS
 Not that relevent, it will show all the page
links in the book. 
READ A TEXT FILE
 Reads any ASCII file.
DISPLAY A PICTURE
 Shows IFF picture files
"The Menus"
Button1
THE STATES OF EUROPE
hyperbook
the reference book for the Amiga
Button2
Click Below To Select Section:
Button3
EUROPEAN
ORGANISATIONS
The EU to the CIS, what they
do, how they work.
Button4
A-Z FACTFILES OF THE
STATES OF EUROPE
Albania to Yugoslavia, area to
government, all the vital info.
Button5
EUROLISTS
Highest population, richest
countries & more
Button6
EUROPEAN
MISCELLANEOUS
Europe in space, the flag of
Europe & more.
"Main Menu"
Note1
THE NATIONS OF EUROPE FACTFILES
This is the main section of the "States of
Europe" h
yperbook. It contains fac
tfiles on
every country in Europe,including Turkey and
Russia. By clicking the button below you can
select any of the 48 factfiles. Each file contains
general information on the country you have
chosen, including area, population, and main
ies. Further information on the
 chosen
country can be di
splayed on the screen, includi
geography, government and region statistics,by
click
ing on the buttons at the bottom of the screen.
ting other co
tries, sections o
r menus can be
one by using 
the control panel at the top of each
 page.
List1
SELECT COUNTRY:
Key To Factfiles
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
	Lithuania
Luxembourg
	Macedonia
Malta
Moldavia
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
Yugoslavia
Button1
CLICK HERE TO SELECT COUNTRY
!"The Nations of Europe Factfiles"
Note1
          KEY TO NATIONS FACTFILES
Offical Name:
 Each country`s offical name.
Political Status:
 Republic, Monarchy etc.
Area(sq.km):
 The area of the country in square kilometers.
Population:
 Its population according to latest figures.
Pop.Density:
 The average amount of people living in one sq.km
Life Expectancy:
 Most recent UN figures
Capital City:
 The nation`s capital
Main Cities:
 Its principal cities,not including the capital.
Principal Languages:
 The main languages spoken in the country.
Principal Religons:
 The main practiced religons.
Organisations:
 Its membership of major internationl organ.
Education:Literacy Rate:
 The % of adults who are literate
           Compulsory Schooling:
 The years a one must attend.
           No. of Universities:
 The number of universities.
Economy:Currency:
 The currency of the country
         GNP:
 The average amount PER PERSON per year.
         Main Products:
 The principal produce of the country.
Note2
Highest Point:
 The highest point in the country, in metres
Main Rivers:
 The principal rivers in the country
Climate:
 A summary of the climate
Other Features:
 A summary of the country`s physical
features, including mountain ranges, etc.
Button1
Geography
Button2
Leaders
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Regions
Button5
Button6
Click
For:>>>
Note3
Defence: Military Service:
 The compulsory military service
        Total Armed Forces:
 The total armed forces
Government:
 A summary of the governmental system
Infant Mortality Rate:
 The number of deaths per 1000 births
Population Change 1980-90:
 The percentage change in the
population during the 1980`s.
 %Urban Population:
percentage of people living in urban areas.
Note4
A list of recent leaders of the
country and the period they
held the post. 
Note5
A summary of the regions
of a country, including
their area, population and
capital city.
"Key To Factfiles"
Note1
                  ALBANIA
Offical Name:
 Republika Shqiperise(Republic of Albania)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 28 750
Population:
 3 250 000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 73 yrs
Capital City:
 Tirana
Main Cities:
 Durres, Elbasan, Shkoder, Vlore, Korec
Principal Languages:
 Albanian
Principal Religons:
 Muslim
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Education:
Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
         GNP:
 1 200 US$
         Main Products:
 Crude minerals, Food
"Flag"
	Ram Disk:
AlbGeoCzeAzeBosUkr
Note2
Defence:
Military Service:
 2-3 yrs
        Total Armed Forces:
 40,700
Other Pop. Figures:
Urban Population:
                    Infant Mortality:
 32 per 1000
                    Population Change 1980-90:
 21.5%
Government:
 Unitary republic with unicameral legislature
        
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Semani, Drini, Vjosa
Highest Point:
 Mount Korab 2751m
Climate:
Hot summers,mild winters near coast but cold inland
Other Features:
 Most of Albania is mountainous, apart from
a short coastal strip.
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
	"Albania"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
              ANDORRA
Offical Name:
 Les Valls d`Andorra(The Valleys of Andorra)
Political Status:
 Principality
Area(sq.km):
Population:
 52,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 78 yrs
Capital City:
 Andorra-la-Vella
Principal Languages:
 Catalan, French, Spanish
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 None
Education:
Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
 None
Economy:
Currency:
 French Franc, Spanish Peseta
         GNP:
 16,600 US$
         Main Products:
 Clothing, Food
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
Drawing1
Note2
Other Population Figure
s: Infant Mortality:
 13 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 51.6%
Defence:
 There are no armed forces in Andorra
"Geography"
Geography
Main River:
 Valira
Highest Point:
 Pla del`Estany 3011m
Climate:
 Mild, but cold in winter, with snow
Other Features:
 Andorra is a very mountainous country.
	"Andorra"
Note1
              ARMENIA
Name:
 Armenija
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 29,800
Population:
 3,324,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Yerevan
Main Cities:
 Kumayri, Karaklis, Kamo, Angekhakot, Alaverdi
Principal Languages:
 Armenian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CIS, CSCE
Economy:
Currency:
 Rouble
         Main Products:
 Minerals, Chemicals, Cotton
Geography:
Climate:
 Hot, dry summers, severe winters
           Other Features:
 There are extensive mountain
pastures, and arable land is limited, but fertile.
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
Note2
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 20 per 1000
	"Armenia"
Note1
               AUSTRIA
Offical Name:
 Republik Osterreich
Political Status:
 Federal Republic
Area(sq.km):
 83,855
Population:
 7,712,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 75 yrs
Capital City:
 Vienna
Main Cities:
 Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Villach
Principal Languages:
 German
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EFTA, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Schilling
         GNP:
 US$17,360
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ, Chemicals
        
Button1
Defence & Pop.Info
Button2
Regions
Drawing1
	"Regions"
AUSTRIAN LANDER
                    
Area(sq.km):
Population:
Capital:
  Burgenland       
   3,966
       
 270,000
      
Eisenstadt
  Carinthia        
   9,533
        
 536,000
      
Klagenfurt
  Lower Austria    
  19,171
       
1,428,000
     
 Vienna
  Salzburg          
   7,154
        
442,000
       
Salzburg
  Styria            
  16,387
       
1,187,000
     
 Graz
  Tirol              
 12,647
        
 587,000
      
Innsbruck
  Upper Austria     
 11,979
       
1,270,000
      
  Vienna            
     415
       
1,531,000
      
Vienna
  Vorarlberg
        
   2,601
        
305,000
      
Bregenz
"Pop.,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 6 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 42,500
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
9 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
Government:
 Federal multiparty 
Note4
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Danube, Inn, Mur
Highest Point:
 Grossglockner
3798m
Climate:
 Varies, generally continental
Other Features:
 In the north and north-east lies
fertile land, the west is mountainous, with the Alps
Button3
Click For:>>>
Button4
Button5
Geography
	"Austria"
Note1
                AZERBAIJAN
Name:
Azarbaijchan
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
86,600
Population:
7,153,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
70 yrs
Capital City:
Main Cities:
Gyandzha, Stepanakert, Sumgait, Lenkoran
Principal Languages:
Azerbaijani
Principal Religons:
 Shi`a Muslim
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
Currency:
Manat
         Main Products:
Crude oil, Clothing, Textiles, Footwear
Geography:
Main Rivers:
Kura, Araxes
           Highest Point:
4480 m
           Climate:
 Subtropical
           Other Features:
Comprises of two autonomous regions,
seperated by a strip of Armenian territory.
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Picture1
	Ram Disk:
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 26 per 1000
"Azerbaijan"
Note1
              BELARUS
Offical Name:
 Belarus
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 208,000
Population:
 10,278,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Minsk
Main Cities:
 Gomel`, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Bobruysk, Orsha, Popotsk
Principal Languages:
 Belorussian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CIS, CSCE
Economy:
Currency:
 Rouble
         Main Products:
 Processed food, Chemicals, Machinery
Geography:
Main Rivers:
 Neman, Pripet, Dnieper
           Highest Point:
 gora Zamkova 323 m
           Climate:
 Varies, from maritime to continental
           Other Features:
 Swamps and marsh cover large areas,
but when drained are very fertile. A third is also forested
         
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 12 per 1000
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
	"Belarus"
Note1
              BELGIUM
Offical Name:
 Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie (Kingdom
of Belgium)
Political Status:
 Constitutional
Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 30,520
Population:
 9,845,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Brussels
Main Cities:
 Antwerp, Gent, Charleroi, Liege, Bruges, Malines
Principal Languages:
 French, Dutch
Principal Relgions:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, OECD,Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Franc
         GNP:
16,390
         Main Products:
 Transport equipment,Plastics,Iron,Food
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 10-12 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 92,400
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 8 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 -0.1%
Government:
 Bicameral legislature
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Scheldt, Meuse, Sambre
Highest Point:
 Botrange 694m
Climate:
 Mild temperate
Other Features:
 Stretches from a fertile plateau in
the north to forested hills in the south.
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Defence & Pop.Info
Button3
Geography
	"Belgium"
Note1
             BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Offical Name:
 Bosnia i Hercegovina
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 51,130
Population:
 4,200,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Sarajevo
Main Cities:
 Banja Luka, Mostar, Zenica, Tuzla
Principal Languages:
 Serbo-Croat
Principal Religons:
 Muslim, Orthodox, Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Dinar
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Coal, Iron ore, Bauxite
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Bosna, Vrbas, Drina
           Highest Point:
 Cvrsnica 2222m
           Climate:
 Mediterranean near coast,much cooler inland
           Other Features:
 Virtually landlocked country and is
also mountainous
"Flag"
	Ram Disk:
AlbGeoCzeAzeBosUkr
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality: 15 per 1000
 (all
pop.figures on page are pre-civil war)
"Bosnia"
Note1
            
 BULGARIA
Offical Name:
 Republika Bulgariya(Republic of Bulgaria)
Political Status: 
Republic
Area(sq.km):
 110,910
Population:
 8,980,000
Pop. Density: 
Life Expectancy:
 73 yrs
Capital City:
 Sofia
Main Cities: 
Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pleven
Principal Languages: 
Bulgarian
Principal Religons: 
Orthodox
Organisations: 
UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate: 
      
     Compulsory Schooling:
 6-16 yrs
          
 No. of Universities: 
Economy:
 Currency: 
         
2,320 US$
       
  Main Products: 
Engineering goods, Consumer goods, Food.
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 2-3 yrs
        
Total Armed Forces:
 177,500
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                        
   Infant Mortality:
 14 per 1000
                           
Pop. Change 1980-90: 
Government:
Democraticly elected 400-member National Assembly
       
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Danube, Iskur, Maritsa, Tundzha
Highest Point:
 Musala 2925m
Climate:
 Continental in north,Mediterranean in south
Other Features:
 Bulgaria has mountainous central and
southern areas,the north has the fertile Danube plain
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Bulgaria"
Note1
              CROATIA
Offical Name:
 Republika Hrvatska (Republic of Croatia)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 56,540
Population:
 4,600,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Zagreb
Main Cities:
 Osijek, Rijeka, Split, Sisak, Zadar, Dubrovnik
Principal Languages:
 Serbo-Croat
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Kuna
         Main Products:
 Crude oil, Machinery, Cement
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Sava, Drava
           Highest Point:
 Vaganski Vrh 1758m
           Climate:
 Mediterranean
           Other Features:
 Central and eastern Croatia has
very fertile land, but the coast is mountainous and barren.
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Picture1
EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes
SpaTurMolRusCroLux
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 10 per 1000
	"Croatia"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
                  CYPRUS
Offical Name:
 Kypiaki Dimokratia
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 9,250
Population:
 702,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
Capital City:
 Nicosia
Main Cities:
 Limassol, Larnaca, Famagusta
Principal Languages:
 Greek, Turkish
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox, Sunni Islam
Organisations:
 UN, C, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 5-12 yrs,in south only
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Pound
         GNP:
 7,050 US$
         Main Products:
 Clothing, Potatoes, Citrus fruit
"Flags"
SoE Working Disk:The Nations
Cyprus 1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 29 months
        Total Armed Forces:
 13,000
Other Population Figures:
Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 10 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 11.4%
Government:
 Democraticly elected 56-member House 
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Seranhis, Pedieas
Highest Point:
 Mount Olympus 1951m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 Mountainous country, apart from
midlands
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Cyprus"
Note1
             CZECH REPUBLIC
Offical Name:
 Ceska Republika (Czech Republic)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 78,863
Population:
 10,356,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Prague
Main Cities:
 Brno, Ostrava, Plzen, Olomouc, Ceske Budejovice
Principal Languages:
 Czech
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Economy:
 Currency:
 Koruna
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equipment
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Vltava,Morava
           Highest Point:
 Snezka 1603 m
           Climate:
 Continental
           Other Features:
 The Czech Republic consists of hills
and plateaux in the west and
rising land in the east.
         
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 11 per 1000
"Czech Republic"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
              DENMARK
Offical Name:
 Kongeriget Danmark(Kingdom of Denmark)
Political Status:
 Constitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 43,075
Population:
 5,140,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Copenhagen
Main Cities:
 Arhus, Odense, Alborg, Esbjerg, Randers, Horsens
Principal Languages:
 Danish
Principal Religons:
 Lutheran
Organisations:
 UN, EU, OECD, NATO, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Krone
         GNP:
 20,510 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery and instruments,
Agricultural products, Chemical products
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Drawing1
"Geography"
"Dainish Dependencies"
DANISH AUTONOMOUS DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE
Faeroe Islands
Status:
Self Governing part of the Danish Realm
Area(sq.km):
1399 
Population:
47,300 
Capital:
Torshavn(pop.:14,600)
"Geography"
Geography
Main River:
Gudena
Highest Point:
Yding Skovhoj 173m
Climate:
Temperate
Other Features:
Denmark consists of the Jutland Peninsula and
over 400 islands,only about a quarter of these are inhabited
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 9-12 months
        Total Armed Forces:
 31,600
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 6 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 0.4%
Government:
 Democratically elected 179-member parliament
Button4
Geography
	"Denmark"
Note1
            ESTONIA
Offical Name:
 Eesti Vabariik (Republic of Estonia)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 45,100
Population:
 1,583,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 70 yrs
Capital City:
 Tallinn
Main Cities:
 Tartu, Narva, Kohtla-Jarve, Parnu, Haapsalu
Principal Languages:
 Estonian, Russian
Principal Religons:
 Lutheran, Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Economy:
 Currency:
 Kroon
         Main Products:
 Textiles, Cement, Processed foods, Paper
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Parnu
           Highest Point:
 There are no major peaks
           Climate:
 Temperate
           Other Features:
 Generally flat or undulating, with
extensive forests and many lakes
         
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 15 per 1000
	"Estonia"
Note1
            FINLAND
Offical Name:
 Suomen Tasavalta (Republic of Finland)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 337,030
Population:
 4,986,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Helsinki
Main Cities:
 Tampere, Turku, Vantaa, Espoo, Oulu, Lahti, Pori, 
Principal Languages:
 Finnish, Swedish
Principal Religons:
 Lutheran
Organisations:
 UN, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Markka
         GNP:
 17,830 US$
         Main Products:
 Paper and paper products, Metal
products
Drawing1
)"Pop,Defence,Government&AutonomousRegion"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 11 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 31,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           
Infant Mortality:
 5 per 1000
                           
Pop. Change 1980-90:
 4.1%
Government:
 Democratically elected 200-member parliament
Finnish Autonomous County:
 Aland Islands(Area[sq.km]: 1527
Population: 24,000 Capital: Mariehamn[pop.:10,000])
"Geographt"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Paatsjoki, Kemijoki, Kokemaenjoki
Highest Point:
 Haltiatunturi 1342m
Climate:
 Cool temperate
Other Features:
 Generally flat land with lakes and forests, but
soils are thin and poor on the ice-scarred granite plateau.
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
	"Finland"
"France-General Info"
             FRANCE
Offical Name:
 La Republique Francaise (The French Republic)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 543,965
Population:
 56,440,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 77 yrs
Capital City:
 Paris
Main Cities:
 Lyon, Marseille, Lille, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Nantes
Principal Languages:
 French
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, WEU, G7, OECD, CSCE, Council of
Europe
Education:
 Compulsory Schooling:
 6-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Franc
         GNP:
 17,830 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Agricultural products
Drawing1
"Regions of Franch"
REGIONS OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
                    
 Area(sq.km)       Population      Capital City
Alsace                   8,280          1,605,000       Strasbourg
Aquitaine               41,308          2,708,000       Bordeaux
Auvergne               26,013          1,329,000       Clermont
Brittany                27,208          1,374,000       Rennes
Burgundy               31,582          1,604,000        Dijon
Centre                  39,151          2,333,000       Orleans
Champagne-Ardenne     25,606          1,359,000       Reims
Corsica                  8,680            243,000       Ajaccio
Franche-Comte          16,202          1,099,000       Besancon
Ile-de-France            12,012         10,290,000       Paris
Languedoc-Roussilicon   27,376          2,072,000       Montpellier
Limousin                16,942            735,000       Limoges
Lorraine                23,547          2,320,000       Nancy
Lower-Normandy        17,589          1,374,000       Caen
Midi-Pyrenees           45,348         2,370,000        Toulouse
Nord-Pas-de-Calais      12,414          3,923,000        Lille
Pays de la Loire        32,082          3,013,000        Nantes
Picardy                 19,399          1,787,000        Amiens
Poitou-Charentes        25,810          1,601,000        Poitiers
Provence-Cote d`Azur   31,400          4,116,000        Marseille
Rhone-Alpes            43,698          5,177,000        Lyon
Upper Normandy        12,317          1,685,000        Rouen
"Population,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
12-18 months
        Total Armed Forces:
466,300
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 7 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 4.2%
Government:
 Democratically elected 577-member National
Assembly(lower house) and 321-member senate(upper house)
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Rhine, Loire, Rhone, Seine, Garonne, Saone
Highest Point:
 Mont Blanc 4807m
Climate:
 South is Mediterranean, the rest is temperate
Other Features:
 France encompasses a series of high plateaux,
mountain ranges and lowland basins.
"French Leaders"
FRENCH LEADERS SINCE 1947
Presidents of Fourth Republic:
Vincent Auriol 1947-54
Rene Coty 1954-58
Presidents of Fifth Republic
General Charles de Gaulle 1959-69
Georges Pompidou 1969-74
Valery Giscard d`Estaing 1974-81
Francois Mitterand 1981-
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Regions
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"France"
Note1
            GEORGIA
Offical Name:
 Sakartvelo/Sakartvelos Respublica (Geo/Rep Geo)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 69,700
Population:
 5,464,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Tbilisi
Main Cities:
 Kutaisi, Rustavi, Batumi, Poti, Gori, Sukhumi
Principal Languages:
 Georgian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Rouble
         Main Products:
 Manganese, Tae, Textiles
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Kura
           Highest Point:
 Kazbek
           Climate:
 Subtropical
           Other Features:
 Georgia is a mountainous country,
with much of it forested, which includes the Caucasus Mts. 
        
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Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
Note2
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 20 per 1000
	"Georgia"
Drawing1
Note1
          GERMANY
Offical Name:
 Bundesrepublik Deutchland (Federal Rep. of Ger.) 
Political Status:
 Federal Republic
Area(sq.km):
 357,868
Population:
 79,479,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Berlin
Main Cities:
 Hamburg, Munich, Koln, Frankfurt, Essen, Bonn
Principal Languages:
 German
Principal Religons:
 Lutheran, Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, G7, OECD, Council of
Europe
Education:
 Compulsory Schooling:
 6-18 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Deutchmark
         GNP:
 20,750 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ, Chemicals
"Lander"
German Lander
                            Area(sq.km) Population   Capital
Baden-Wurttemberg           
35,752
     
9,327,000
Stuttgart
Bavaria                       
70,546
11,026,000
Munich
Berlin                            
     
3,300,000
Berlin
Brandenburg                  
28,016
      
2,712,000
Potsdam
Bremen                        
  404
        
654,000
Bremen
Hamburg                         
      
1,571,000
Hamburg
Hesse                         
21,114
      
5,544,000
Wiesbaden
Lower Saxony                 
47,431
     
7,196,000
Hannover
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania  
26,694
      
2,110,000
Schwerin
Nord Rhine-Westphalia         
34,066
16,677,000
Dusseldorf
Rhineland-Palatinate           
19,848      3,611,000
Mainz
Saarland                       
 2,571
     
1,042,000
Saarbrucken
Saxony                        
17,713
     
5,056,000
Dresden
Saxony-Anhalt                 
20,297     3,056,000
Magdeburg
Schleswig-Holstein             
15,720      2,613,000
Thuringia                      
15,209                  Erfurt
	"Leaders"
German Leaders since 1949
Federal German Chancellors         East German Leaders
Konrad Adenauer 1949-63           Walter Ulbricht 1950-71
Prof Ludwig Erhard 1963-66         Erich Honecker 1971-89
Dr Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1966-69
Dr Willy Brandt 1969-74
Walter Scheel 1974
Helmut Schmidt 1974-82
Helmut Kohl 1982-
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 12-15 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 494,300
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 8 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 1.5%
Government:
 Democratically elected 68-member Bundesrat (upper
house) and 662-member Bundestag (lower house)
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Oder, Moselle, Necker
Highest Point:
 Zugspitze 2963m
Climate:
 Temperate
Other Features:
Because of its size,Germany has a great
diversity of features inc.:plains,forests,lakes,mountains
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Geography
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Leaders
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Regions
	"Germany"
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Note1
            GREECE
Offical Name:
 Elleniki Dimokratia/Ellas (Hellenic Rep./Greece)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 131,985
Population:
 10,123,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 77 yrs
Capital City:
 Athens
Main Cities:
 Thessalonika, Piraievs, Patrai, Larisa, Heraklion
Principal Languages:
 Greek
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Drachma
         GNP:
 5,340 US$
         Main Products:
 Clothing, Footwear, Tobacco, Olives
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Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 20-24 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 208,500
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 13 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 4.2%
Government:
 Democratically elected 300-member parliament
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Aliakmon, Pinios, Akheloos
Highest Point:
 Mount Olympus 2911m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 The Greek mainland and its many islands
are dominated by mountains and sea.
"Greece"
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Note1
           HUNGARY
Offical Name:
 Magyarorszag/Magyar Koztarsasag (Hungary /
Hungarian Republic)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km);
 93,030
Population:
 10,553,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Budapest
Main Cities:
 Debrecen, Miskolc, Pecs, Szeged, Gyor, Nyiregyhaza
Principal Languages:
 Hungarian
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Compulsory Schooling:
 6-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Forint
         GNP:
 2,560 US$
         Main Products:
 Semifinished products, Raw materials
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Geography
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 1 year
         Total Armed Forces:
 91,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 17 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 -1.5%
Government:
 Democratically elected 386 member parliament
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Danube, Tisza, Drava
HighestPoint:
 Kekes 1015m
Climate:
 Continental
Other Features:
 Most of Hungary consists of lowland, apart
from thickly wooded highlands in the northeast.
	"Hungary"
Note1
               ICELAND
Offical Name:
 Lydveldid Island (The Republic of Iceland)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 102,820
Population:
 255,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 78 yrs
Capital City:
 Reykjavik
Main Cities:
 Akureyri, Keflavik
Principal Languages:
 Icelandic
Principal Religons:
 Lutheran
Organisations:
 UN, NATO, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
 100%
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Krona
         GNP:
 21,240 US$
         Main Products:
 Fish and fish products, Aluminum
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Iceland has no defence force
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 5 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
Government:
 Democratically elected 63-member parliament
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Thjorsa, Skjalfanda, Fljot
Highest Point:
 Hvannadalshnukur 2119m
Climate:
 Cool temperate
Other Features:
 Landscape is entirely volcanic, features
include ice sheets, lava fields,active volcanoes and geysers.
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Geography
	"Iceland"
Note1
                  
IRELAND
Offical Name:
 Eire or Ireland
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 68,895
Population:
 3,503,000
Pop.Density:
Life Expectancy:
 75 yrs
Capital City:
 Dublin
Main Cities:
 Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford, Sligo
Principal Languages:
 Irish, English
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic, Protestant
Organisations:
 UN, EU, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs 
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Punt
         GNP:
 8,500 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equipment, Food,
Chemical products
         
Drawing1
	"Leaders"
LEADERS OF IRELAND
EXECTIVE PRESIDENTS:              
Arthur Griffith 1922
Micheal Collins 1922
William Thomas Cosgrave 1922-32
Eamon de Valera 1932-37
TAOISEACH:                       PRESIDENTS:
Eamon de Valera 1937-48          Dr Douglas Hyde 1938-45
John Costello 1948-51              Sean Thomas O`Kelly 1945-59
Eamon de Valera 1951-54           Eamon de Valera 1959-73  
John Costello 1954-57              Erskine Childers 1973-74
Eamon de Valera 1957-59          Cearbhall O`Dalaigh 1974-76
Sean Lemass 1959-66              Dr Patrick Hillery 1976-90
Jack Lynch 1966-73               Mary Robinson 1990-
Liam Cosgrave 1973-77         
Jack Lynch 1977-79             
Charles Haughey 1979-81          
Garret Fitzgerald 1981-82
Charles Haughey 1982
Garret Fitzgerald 1982-87
Charles Haughey 1987-92
Albert Reynolds 1992-
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Shannon, Suir, Boyne, Barrow, Erne
Highest Point:
 Carrauntuohill 1041m
Climate:
 Mild temperate
Other Features:
 Central Ireland is lowland,and apart from the
east coast north of Dublin,is surrounded by mountains and hills
Provences of Ireland:
 Munster, Leinster, Ulster, Connacht
Counties of Ireland:
 Republic only: Cork, Limerick, Kerry, Tipperary,Waterford,
Clare, Cavan, Monaghan,Dublin, Meath, Westmeath, Louth,
Wicklow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Donegal, Carlow, Offaly, Laois,
Longford, Leitrim, Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, Kildare
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 None
        Total Armed Forces:
 13,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 8 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 9.4%
Government:
 Democratically elected 60-member Seanad and
166-member Dail
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Geography
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Leaders
	"Ireland"
Note1
           ITALY
Offical Name:
 Italia/ Repubblica Italiana (Italy/Rep. of Italy)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 301,245
Population:
 57,662,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Rome
Main Cities:
 Milan, Naples, Turin, Genoa, Palermo, Bologna, 
Principal Languages:
 Italian
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, WEU, G7, OECD, CSCE, C. of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Lira
         GNP:
 15,150 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ, Clothing
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Military Service:
 1 year
         Total Armed Forces:
 390,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
                           Pop. Change:
 1.1%
Government:
 Democratically elected 315-member Senate and
630-member Chamber of Deputies
"Geographt"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Po, Tiber, Arno, Volturno, Garigliano
Highest Point:
 Monte Bianco 4760m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 Italy is mainly mountainous or hilly, but
the north is dominated by the flat plain of the  river Po. 
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Geography
"Italy"
Note1
                LATVIA
Offical Name:
 Latvija
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 63,700
Population:
 2,686,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 70 yrs
Capital City:
 Riga
Main Cities:
 Daugavpils, Liepaja, Jelgava, Ventspils, Rezekne
Principal Languages:
 Latvian
Principal Religions:
 Protestant
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Latvian Rouble
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Clothing,Paper
Geography:
 Principal Rivers:
 Venta, Dvina
           Highest Point:
 Gaizipa kalns 311m
           Climate:
 Windy, Cloudy and Humid
           Other Features:
 Forests, Meadows, Swamps and
wasteland
predominate in a low-lying
country. 
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Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000
"Latvia"
Note1
                LIECHTENSTEIN
Offical Name:
 Furstentum Liechtenstein(Principality of Liecht.)
Political Status:
 Constitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
Population:
 29,000
Pop.Density:
Life Expectancy:
 70 yrs
Capital City:
 Vaduz
Main Cities:
 Balzers
Principal Languages:
 German
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EFTA, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
 100%
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
 none
Economy:
 Currency:
 Swiss Franc
         GNP:
 21,000
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Metal Products
Picture1
SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes
SwePolMonSMaLieGre
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Liechtenstein`s defence is the responsibility of
Switzerland
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 3 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 7.7%
Government:
 Democratically elected 25-member Landstag
Note3
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Rhine, Samina
Highest Point:
 Grauspitze 2599m
Climate:
 Mild Alpine climate
Other Features:
 Plains in the north are
divided by the Rhine with the Alps in the
south.
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Geography
"Liechtenstein"
Note1
               LITHUANIA
Offical Name:
 Lietuva
Political Status:
Republic
Area(sq.km):
65,200
Population:
3,731,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 71 yrs
Capital City:
Vilinus
Main Cities:
Kaunas, Klaipeda, Slauliai, Panevezys
Principal Languages:
Lithuanian
Principal Religons:
Roman Catholic
Organisations:
UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Economy:
 Currency:
Rouble
         Main Products:
Crude Oil, Food, Consumer Electronics
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
Neman
           Highest Point:
No mountain ranges, HP is 284m high
           Climate:
Temperate
           Other Features:
Land is very low-lying,on the shores
of the Baltic Sea.
Drawing1
Note2
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000
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"Lithuania"
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Note1
                LUXEMBOURG
Offical Name:
 Grand-Duche de Luxembourg(Grand Duchy of Lux.)
Political Status:
 Constitional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 2,585
Population:
 381,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 75 yrs
Capital City:
 Luxembourg
Main City:
 Diekirch
Principal Languages:
 Luxembourgian, French, German
Principal Religions:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, OECD, NATO, WEU, CSCE, C. of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
 100%
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Franc
         GNP:
 24,860 US$
         Main Products:
 Metal Products, Machinery, Plastics
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Geography
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 None
         Total Armed Forces:
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
                           Pop. Change: 1980-90:
 2.5%
Government:
 Democrat. elected 60-member Chamber of Deputies
Governmeber 
mocrat. elected 60-member Chamber of Deputies
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Moselle, Sure, Our, Alzette
Highest Point:
 Huldange 550m
Climate:
 Mild and temperate
Other Features:
 The north is made up of thickly forested
river valleys and the south mainly rolling, lush pastureland.
"Luxembourg"
Note1
               MACEDONIA
Official Name:
 Republika Makedonija (internal) The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (international)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 25,713
Population:
 2,034,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Skopje
Main Cities:
 Ohrid, Prilep, Bitola, Kumanovo
Principal Languages:
 Macedonian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Dinar
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Vardar,Crna
           Highest Point:
 Titov vrh 2702m
           Climate:
 Dry summers but heavy rainfall in mountains
           Other Features:
 Landlocked mountainous country,
divided by two major river valleys.
        
"Flag"
	Ram Disk:
MacSlov
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 35 per 1000
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"Macedonia"
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Note1
                   MALTA
Offical Name:
 Repubblika Ta`Malta (Republic of Malta)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
Population:
 354,000
Pop. Density:
 1,120
Life Expectancy:
 74 yrs
Capital City:
 Valletta
Main Towns:
 Sliema, Victoria
Principal Languages:
 Maltese, English
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, C, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 5-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Lira
         GNP:
 5,820 US$
         Main Products:
 Manufactured Goods, Machinery
"Flag"
SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes
MalVatPorSwiUKAlb
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 None
         Total Armed Forces:
 1500
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
Government:
 Democratically elected 65-member House of
Representatives
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 There are no significant rivers
Highest Point:
 an unnamed point 249m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 Malta consists of three inhabited islands
made of a low limestone plateaux.
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Geography
"Malta"
Note1
               MOLDOVA
Offical Name:
 Republica Moldoveneasca
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 33,700
Population:
 4,368,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectency:
 69 yrs
Capital City:
 Kishinev
Main Cities:
 Tiraspol, Beltsy, Bendery, Kagul, Orgeyez, Ryonitsa
Principal Languages:
 Romanian
Principal Religions:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, CIS
Economy:
 Currency:
 Rouble
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Grapes, Consumer Products
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Dniester, Reut
           Highest Point:
 There are no major mountains
           Climate:
 Warm and dry, with mild winters
           Other Features:
 Moldavia is a country of hilly plains,
soil is very fertile for arable farming.
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Drawing1
Note2
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 21 per 1000
"Moldavia"
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Note1
              MONACO
Offical Name:
 Principaute de Monaco (Principality of Monaco)
Political Status:
 Consitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
Population:
 29,000
Pop. Density:
 14,500
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 Monaco-Ville
Main Town:
 Monte Carlo
Principal Languages:
 French
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
 none
Economy:
 Currency:
 French Franc
         GNP:
 11,350 US$
         Main Products:
 Chemicals, Plastics
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 There are no armed forces except for a small palace
guard
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                          
 Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
                          
 Pop. Change 1980-90:
Government:
 Legislative power is jointly held by the Prince and
the Democratically elected 18-member National Council
"Geography"
Geography
Main River:
 Vesubie
Highest Point:
 on Chemin de Revoires 162m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 Consists of a rocky peninsula and a short
stretch of land on the French Mediterranean coast.
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Defence & Pop.Info
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Geography
"Monaco"
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Note1
     
     NETHERLANDS
Offical Name:
 Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Kingdom of Nether.)
Political Status:
 Constitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 41,160
Population:
 14,937,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 78 yrs
Capital City:
 Amsterdam
Main Cities:
 The Hauge, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Arnhem
Principal Languages:
 Dutch
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic, Protestant
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, OECD, C. of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 5-16 yrs
           No. of Universities
Economy:
 Currency:
 Guilder
         GNP:
 16,010 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equipment, Foods
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Military Service:
 14-17 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 103,700
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 8 per 1000
                           Pop. Change:
 5.7%
Government:
 Democratically elected 75-member First Chamber of
the States General and 150-member Second Chamber 
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Rhine,Maas,Lek,Waal,Oude Rijn
Highest Point:
 Vaalserberg 321m
Climate:
 Maritime temperate
Other Features:
 The Netherlands are very low-lying with
networks of dykes and canals to prevent flooding
"Netherlands"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
              NORWAY
Offical Name:
 Kongeriket Norge (Kingdom of Norway)
Political Status:
 Consitutional
Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 323,895
Population:
 4,242,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectency:
 74 yrs
Capital City:
 Oslo
Main Cities:
 Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, Kristiansand,
Drammen
Principal Languages:
 Norwegian
Principal Religons:
 Protestant
Organisations:
 UN, EFTA, OECD, NATO, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Compulsory Schooling:
 7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Krone
         GNP:
 21,850
         Main Products:
 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Metal Products
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Military Service:
 12-15 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 34,100
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 6 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 3.1%
Government:
 Democratically elected 165-member Storting
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Glomma, Lagen, Tanaelv
Highest Point:
 Gladhopiggen 2469m
Climate:
 Temperate
Other Features:
 Mountains and, on the coast, fjords are the
principal geographical features of Norway.
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Norway"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
              POLAND
Offical Name:
 Polska Rzecpospolita (Republic of Poland)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 312,685
Population:
 38,180,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Warsaw
Main Cities:
 Lodz, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Szczecin
Principal Languages:
 Polish
Principal Religions:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Zloty
         GNP:
 1,760 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals,
Drawing1
"Pop,Defence&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 18-24 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 412,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 17 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
Government:
 100-member Senate (upper house) and 460-member
Sejm (lower house)
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Vistula, Oder, Narew
Highest Point:
 Rysy 2499m
Climate:
 Short warm summers and long cold winters
Other Features:
 Most of Poland consists of low-land, with the
exception of the Carpathian mountains in the south.
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Poland"
Note1
                PORTUGAL
Offical Name:
 A Republica Portuguesa (The Portugese Republic)
Political Status:
 Parliamentary State 
Area(sq.km):
 88,940
Population:
 10,525,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 75 yrs
Capital City:
 Lisbon
Main Cities:
 Porto, Setubal, Coimbra, Braga, Vila Nova de Gaia
Principal Languages:
 Portugese
Principal Religions:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EC, OECD, NATO, C. of Europe, CSCE, WEU
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-15 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
 Escudo
         GNP:
 4,260 US$
         Main Products:
 Textiles, Clothing, Electrical Machinery
"Flag"
SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes
MalVatPorSwiUKAlb
""Pop,Defence,Govern,Auton Regions"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 12-20 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 75,300
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 13 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 5.3%
Government:
 Democratically elected 250-member Assembly
                 Portugese Autonomous Regions
                  
AZORES
             
MADEIRA
Area(sq.km):      
               
Population:       
254,000
             
272,000
Capital:          
Ponta Delgada
      
Funchal
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Tagus, Douro, Guadiana
Highest Point:
 Pico 2315m (Azores) 
Climate:
 Mild temperate
Other Features:
 Portugal consists of lush forests in the
northern mountains, and Mediterranean scrub in the south. 
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Portugal"
Note1
               ROMANIA
Offical Name:
 Romania
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 237,500
Population:
 23,200,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 72 yrs
Capital City:
 Bucharest
Main Cities:
 Brasov, Timisoara, Iasi, Cluj, Constanta, Galati
Principal Languages:
 Romanian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
         GNP:
 3,445 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ., Fuels
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Military Service:
 16-24 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 171,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 19 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90
 4.8%
Government:
 Democratically elected 396-seat National Assembly
and 119-seat Senate
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Danube, Mures, Prut
Highest Point:
 Moldoveanu 2544m
Climate:
 Continental
Other Features:
 Romania consists of lowlands in the west,
east & south, with the Carpathian mountains in the north.
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
	"Romania"
Note1
       RUSSIA
(Stats are for all Russia,not just European Russia)
Offical Name:
 Rossiyskaya Federatinaya Respublika (Republic of
the Russian Federation) or Rossiya (Russia)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 17,078,000
Population:
 148,263,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 70 yrs
Capital City:
 Moscow
Main Cities:
 St.Petersburg, Nizhniy, Novgorod, Yekaterinburg
Principal Languages:
 Russian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations:
 UN, CIS, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Rouble
       
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Yenisei, Ob, Amur, Lena, Volga, 
           Highest Point:
 Elbrus 5633 m
           Climate:
 Varies hugely, from severe tundra to desert
           Other Features:
Artic deserts in north semi-deserts in
far south, elsewhere marshy, treeless plains and forests.
Drawing1
Button1
Click For:>>More Info
"Pop,Regions"
Other Population Figures:
Infant Mortality:
18 per 1000
The Russian Federation includes 16 autonomous republics:
Bashkiria              Kalmykia        Tataria
Buryatia              Karelia          Tuva
Checheno-Ingushetia  Komi             Udmurtia
Chuvashia             Mari El          Yakutia
Dagestan              Mordova
Kabardino-Balkaria    North Ossetia
"Russia"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
            SAN MARINO
Offical Name:
Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino
Political Status:
Republic
Area(sq.km):
Population:
24,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
76 yrs
Capital City:
 San Marino
Main Towns:
Seravalle
Principal Languages:
Italian
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
6-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
Italian Lira
         GNP:
 8,590 US$
         Main Products:
Wine, Wheat, Dairy Products, Ceramics
Drawing1
"Pop,Government"
Defence:
 There are no armed forces
Other Population Figures:
Infant Mortality:
 14 per 1000
Government:
 Democratically elected 60-member Great and
General Council
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 There are no significant rivers 
Highest Point:
 Monte Titano 739m
Climate:
 Mild Mediterranean
Other Features:
 San Marino is dominated by the triple
limestone peaks of Monte Titano(see above).
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"San Marino"
Note1
               SLOVAKIA
Offical Name:
 Republika Slovenska (Slovak Republic)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 49,036
Population:
 5,262,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 71 yrs
Capital City:
 Bratislavia
Main Cities:
 Kosice, Banska, Bystrica, Nitra, Trnava, Presov
Principal Languages:
 Slovak
Principal Religions:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Koruna
         GNP:
 3,140 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Agricultural Products
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Hron, Vah
           Highest Point:
 Gerlachovsky 2663 m
           Climate:
 Harsh winters, warm summers
           Other Features:
 Sth:Mountains Nth:fertile land
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Picture1
	Ram Disk:
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 11 per 1000
"Slovakia"
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Note1
               SLOVENIA
Offical Name:
 Republika Slovenija (Republic of Slovenia)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 20,250
Population:
 1,900,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 73 yrs
Capital City:
 Ljubljana
Main Cities:
 Maribor, Celje, Koper, Kranj
Principal Languages:
 Slovene
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE, Council of Europe
Economy:
 Currency:
 Tolar
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Sava
           Highest Point:
 Triglav 2863 m
           Climate:
 Mediterranean
           Other Features:
 Most of the country is mountainous,
and most people live in the flatter
area around Ljubljana.
"Flag"
SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes
LitSloDenFinIceNor
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
"Slovenia"
Note1
              SPAIN
Offical Name:
 Espana (Spain)
Political Status:
 Consitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 504,880
Population:
 38,959,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 77 yrs
Capital City:
 Madrid
Main Cities:
 Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Malaga
Principal Languages:
 Spanish, Catalan, Basque
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, WEU, CSCE, OECD, C. of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-14 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Peseta
         GNP:
 9,150
         Main Products:
 Motor vehicles, Petroleum products, Iron
ore, Food
Drawing1
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Geography
Button4
Defence & Pop.Info
Button5
Regions
	"Regions"
Spanish Autonomous Communities
Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary
Islands, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia,
Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia.
"Defence,Pop&Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 9 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 285,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 9 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 4.4%
Government:
 Democratically elected 208-member Senate (upper
house) and 350-member Congress of Deputies (lower house)
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Tagus, Ebro, Douro, Guadiana, Guadalquivir
Highest Point:
 Pico del Tiede 3716m
Climate:
 Most of Spain has a Mediterranean climate
Other Features:
 Mountain ranges, including the Cantabrians
and the Sierra Nevada, fringe vast central plateau.
"Spain"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
                SWEDEN
Offical Name:
Konungariket Sverige (Kingdom of Sweden)
Political Status:
Constitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
449,790
Population:
 8,559,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
78 yrs
Capital City:
Stockholm
Main Cities:
Gotenburg, Malmo, Uppsala, Linkoping, Orebro
Principal Languages:
Swedish
Principal Religons:
 Evangelical Luthern Church of Sweden
Organisations:
 UN, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
 100%
           Compulsory Schooling:
7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
Currency:
Krona
         GNP:
 21,710
         Main Products:
Transport equ., Paper products
Drawing1
Note2
Defence:
 Military Service:
 7-15 months
        Total Armed Forces:
 64,500
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 6 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 1.6%
Government:
 Democratically elected 349-member Riksdag
                           
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Ume, Torne, Angerman, Klar, Dal
Highest Point:
 Kebnekaise 2123m
Climate:
 Short, hot summers and long, cold winters
Other Features:
 Forested mountains in the north give way
to central lowlands and lakes and the fertile Scania plain.
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Sweden"
Note1
               SWITZERLAND
Offical Name:
 Schweizerisch Eidgenossenschaft(German)
Confederation suisse(French) Confederazione Svizzera(Italian)
Confederaziun Helvetica(Romansch) (Swiss Confederation)
Political Status:
 Federal State
Area(sq.km):
 41,285
Population:
 6,712,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 78 yrs
Capital City:
 Berne
Main Cities:
 Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Lausanne, Lucerne, St.Gallen
Principal Languages:
 German, French, Italian, Romansch
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic, Protestant
Organisations:
 EFTA, CSCE, OECD, C. of Europe, UN(observer)
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-16 yrs
           No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Franc
         GNP:
 30,270 US$
         Main Products:
Industrial machinery,Pharmaceuticals
Drawing1
Button1
Click For:>>>
Button2
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
Drawing2
"Defence,Pop,Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 1 year
         Total Armed Forces:
 1,100,000
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 7 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 4.6%
Government:
 Democratically elected 46-member Council of
States and 200-member National Council
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Rhine, Rhone, Aare, Inn, Ticino
Highest Point:
 Dufourspitze 4634m
Climate:
 Varies with altitude, mainly very cold winters
and mild, wet summers
Other Features:
 Mainly mountainous, apart from the
central plateau,which contains most of the population.
"Switzerland"
Button1
Button2
Click For:>>>
Note1
     TURKEY
(stats are for all Turkey,not just European Turkey)
Offical Name:
 Turkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey)
Political Status:
 Republic
Area(sq.km):
 779,450
Population:
 56,098,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 66 yrs
Capital City:
 Ankara
Main Cities:
 Istanbul, Izmir, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep, Konya
Principal Languages:
 Turkish, Kurdish
Principal Religons:
 Sunni Islam
Organisations:
 UN, NATO, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 6-14 yrs
           No of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Lira
         GNP:
 1,360 US$
         Main Products:
 Textiles, Iron ore, Fruit, Leather
"Flag"
Ram Disk:FLAGS MedRes
SpaTurMolRusCroLux
"Defence,Pop,Government"
Defence:
 Military Service:
 18 months
         Total Armed Forces:
 650,900
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 62 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 32.1%
Government:
 Democratically elected 450-member National
Assembly
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Euphrates, Tigris, Kizilrmak, Sakarya
Highest Point:
 Buyuk Agridagi 5185m
Climate:
 Mediterranean
Other Features:
 Mountains in the north and south,
costal regions fringed by Mediterranean vegetation.
Button3
Defence & Pop.Info
Button4
Geography
"Turkey"
Note1
             
 UKRAINE
Offical Name: 
Ukraina (The Ukraine) 
Political Status: 
Republic
Area(sq.km):
 603,700
Population:
 51,857,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 71 yrs
Capital City: 
Main Cities:
 Kharkov, Donetsk, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk
Principal Languages:
 Ukrainian, Russian
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox
Organisations: 
UN, CIS, CSCE
Economy:
 Currency:
 Rouble
         
Main Products:
 Coal, Iron ore, Metal products, Grain
Geography:
 Main Rivers:
 Dniester, Dnieper
           
Highest Point:
 Goverla 2058 m
           
Climate:
 Warm, dry climate
         
  Other Features:
 Ukraine has diverse landscape:
marshes, forests, wooded and treeless semi-arid plains.
Button1
Click For:>>>Population Info
Drawing1
"Population"
Other Population Figures:
 Infant Mortality:
 13 per 1000
	"Ukraine"
Note1
             UNITED KINGDOM
Offical Name:
 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Political Status:
 Constitutional Monarchy
Area(sq.km):
 244,755
Population:
 57,411,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 76 yrs
Capital City:
 London
Main Cities:
 Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Leeds-Bradford
Principal Languages:
 English, Welsh, Gaelic (Irish & Scottish)
Principal Religons:
 Protestant, Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 UN, EU, NATO, C, G7, OECD, CSCE, C. of Europe
Education:
 Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 5-16 yrs
Economy:
 Currency:
 Pound
         GNP:
 14,570 US$
         Main Products:
 Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals
	"Leaders"
Prime Ministers since 1940
Churchill 1940-45
Atlee 1945-51
Churchill 1951-55
Eden 1955-57
MacMillan 1957-63
Douglas-Home 1963-64
Wilson 1964-70
Heath 1970-74
Wilson 1974-76
Callaghan 1976-79
Thatcher 1979-90
Major 1990-
Button1
Geography
Button2
Defence & Pop.Info
Button3
Leaders
Picture1
EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes
MalVatPorSwiUKAlb
Drawing1
 "Def,Pop,Govern,Countries of UK"
Defence:
 Total Armed Forces:
 311,600
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
                           Infant Mortality:
 8 per 1000
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
 1.6%
Government:
 1166-member House of Lords (upper house) and
democratically elected 650-member House of Common s(lower hs.)
COUNTRIES OF THE UK   Area:          Population:  Capital:
England                  130,441 sq.km  47,563,000    London
Northern Ireland        14,120 sq.km   1,578,000     Belfast
Scotland                 78,775 sq.km  5,094,000     Edinburgh
Wales                     20,768 sq.km  2,857,000     Cardiff
"Geography"
Geography
Main Rivers:
 Severn, Thames, Trent-Humber, Aire, Ouse, Wye
Highest Point:
 Ben Nevis 1392m
Climate:
 Temperate
Other Features:
 Britain consists of mountains in the north
and west and lowland in the east and south.
UK Dependencies in Europe
            Status   Area(sq.km)
 Population Capital
Guernsey   Crown Dep.   78        60,000    St Peter Port
Jersey      Crown Dep.  116        84,000    St Helier
Isle of Man Crown Dep.  572        64,000    Douglas
Gibraltar
Colony
         
        
31,000
Gibraltar Town
"United Kingdom"
Note1
              VATICAN CITY
Offical Name:
 Stato della Citta del Vaticano(State of the
Vatican City)
Political Status:
 Independent Sovereignty
Area(sq.km):
 0.44
Population:
 1,000
        
Pop. Density:
 2,273
Capital City:
 Vatican City
Principal Languages:
 Italian, Latin
Principal Religons:
 Roman Catholic
Organisations:
 CSCE, UN (observer)
Education:
 No. of Universities:
Economy:
 Currency:
 Lira
         Main Products:
 Only industries are those connected
with the church
Geography:
 The state consists of the Vatican City, a walled
enclave in Rome.
Government:
 The Pope is elected Bishop of Rome
 and appoints a
Pontifical Commission
for administeration of the state.
Button1
Defence & Pop.Info
Button2
Leaders
Picture1
EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes
MalVatPorSwiUKAlb
"Pop"
Defence:
 Swiss Guard
Other Population Figures:
 Urban Population:
 100%
                           Pop. Change 1980-90:
"Popes"
Popes since 1846
Pius IX 1846-78
Leo XIII 1878-1903
St Pius X 1903-14
Benedict XV 1914-22
Pius XI 1922-39
Pius XII 1939-58
John XXIII 1958-63
Paul VI 1963-78
John Paul I 1978
John Paul II 1978-
"Vatican City"
Note1
               YUGOSLAVIA
Offical Name:
 Federativna Republika Jugoslavija
Political Status:
 Federal Republic
Area(sq.km):
 127,885
Population: 
10,000,000
Pop. Density:
Life Expectancy:
 73 yrs
Capital City:
 Belgrade
Main Cities:
 Pristina, Subotica, Kragujevac, Podgorica
Principal Languages:
 Serbo-Croat
Principal Religons:
 Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim
Organisations:
 UN, CSCE
Education:
Literacy Rate:
           Compulsory Schooling:
 7-15 yrs
Economy:
Currency:
 Dinar
         GNP:
 2,490
         Main Products:
 Coal, Copper, Transport equ., Chemicals
Yugoslav Autonomous Regions:
 Serbia (pop 9,760,000),
Montenegro (pop 632,000)
Drawing1
"Yugoslavia"
Button1
INTERNATIONAL EUROPEAN ORGANISATIONS
This section explains about the main
European international organisations,
includi
ng the EU and  the EFTA. It
explains how they work and what they
do. The biggest part of this section is
about the European Union, as it,
although one of the smallest
(membership wise), is one of the most
important internal European organisations.
CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE
%"European Organisations Introduction"
Button1
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Button2
THE EUROPEAN UNION
Button3
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
Button4
Button5
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
Button6
G7,CIS & CEFTA 
Button7
WESTERN EUROPEAN
UNION
Button8
Button9
UNITED NATIONS
Button10
NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY O
RGANISATION
&"European International Organisations"
Picture1
SoE Working Disk:
European Flag(large)
Button1
THE EUROPEAN UNION
List1
SELECT SECTION:
 States_of_Europe:Pictures/EC.iff
The Member Nations
History of the European Union
!How the European Union is Managed
The European Parliament
The Council of Ministers
1The Council of Europe and The European Commission
The European Court of Justice
.The Economic and Social Committee and the ECSC
"EU1 The European Union"
Picture1
	Ram Disk:
Background Flag
Note1
The European Union: A Brief History
In 1950 the governments of Belgium, France, West
Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands
began negotiations to integrate their interests in
certain fields. The result was the Treaty of Paris
(1951) under which the European Coal and Steel
Community was created. Attempts to establish a
community concerned with cooperation in foreign
affairs and defence were unsuccessful, but in 1957
the European Economic Community (EEC) and the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)-with
memberships identical to the ECSC- came into being
under the terms of the Treaty of Rome.
The three communities were distinct entities until
967, when they merged their exectives and
decision-making bodies into a single European
"EU2 History of the EU"
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Community (the EC). The Community has since been
enlarged through the accession of Denmark, Greece,
Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the UK and the
reunification of Germany. EC plans for economic and
monetary union have been discussed (although this is
now even further away since the virtual collapse of
the European Monetary System) and there has been
increased coordination in foreign policies and
research and development.
Since the ratification of the Masstrict Treaty in
1993 the EC became known as the umbrella body, The
European Union (EU)
How the EU is Managed
The three European Communities (EC, ECSC & Euratom)
are managed by common institutions. As a result they
are increasingly referred to in the singular, the
EuropeanUnion. The Unions`s decision-
"EU3 How the EU is Managed"
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making process involves: the European Commission,
which draws up proposals and implements decisions,
the European Parliament, which delivers opinions on
these proposals, and the Council of Ministers, which
takes the final decisions. The Court of Justice and
the Court of First Instance ensure that Community
law is observed, while the Court of Auditors
monitors the financial management of the Community.
Lastly, the Economic and Social Committee and the
ECSC Consultative Committee act as advisory bodies.
The Institions of the European Union
The European Parliament
The European Parliament consists of 518 members
directly elected for five years by universal adult
suffrage. Members have the right to be consulted on
 "EU4 The European Parliament(1)"
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legislative proposals submitted by the Council of
Ministers or the Commission and the power to reject
or amend the budget of the EU.
The Parliament meets in Strasbourg (France), its
committees meet in Brussels (Belgium), and its
Secretariat is based in Luxenbourg.
Breakdown of Distribution of Seats by Country
Belgium:24 seats
  Denmark:16 seats
 Germany:81 seats
Greece:24 seats
Spain:60 seats 
 France:81 seats
Ireland:15 seats 
 Italy:81 seats
 Luxembourg:6 seats
Netherlands:25 seats
 Portugal:24 seats
 United
Kingdom:81 seats
Sceduled to join the Union in January 1995 are:
Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Poland,
Hungary, Czech Republic, Cyprus and Malta are to
begin entry negotiations in 1996.
 "EU5 The European Parliament(2)"
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The Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers meets in Brussels and, less
frequently, in Luxembourg. The Council consists of
Ministers from each member state and is responsible
for making the major policy decisions of the Union.
Each Member State acts as President of the Council
for six months in rotation. Meetings are attended by
different Ministers according to the agenda: for
instance, Agriculture Ministers discuss farm prices,
while employment matters are dealt with the
Ministers for Employment and the Economy. The
Ministers for Foreign Affairs are responsible for the
Community`s external relations and coordinate the
more specialized work of their colleagues. They also
develop political cooperation with each other on
major international problems.
"EU6 The Council of Ministers"
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The European Council
The European Council is part of the Council of
Ministers. The European Council, which was
instituted in 1975, nbrings together the Heads of
State or Government of the Member States and the
President of the Commission, assisted by the Foreign
Ministers and a Member of the Commission. It meets
two or three times a year and deals with both Union
affairs and political cooperation. It acts as a guide
and a driving force and its role should not be
underestimated, even if it does not directly adopt
Union legislation.
The European Commission
The Commision of the European Communities consists
of 17 members appointed by their national
governments for a term of four years. France,
""EU7 European Council & Commision"
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Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK all have two
members on the Commission while the other
countries have one member each. The Commissioners
elect from their number a President and six Vice
Presidents. The Commission, which acts
independently of national governments and only in
the interests of the Union, makes proposals to the
Council of Ministers and executes the decisions of
the Council.The current President is Jacques Delors
(France).
The Court of Justice
The Court of Justice of the Union, which sits in
Luxembourg, comprises of 13 Judges assisted by six
Advocates-General. Both the Judges and the
Advocates General are appointed for six years by
mutual agreement of the governments of the Member
States. Their independence is guaranteed.The Court`s
role is:
"EU8 Court of Justice"
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*to declare void, at the request of a Union
institution, Member State or individual directed
concerened, any legal instruments adopted by the
Commission, the Council of Ministers or national
governments which are in compatible with Union law;
*to pass judgement, at the request of a national
court, on the interpreation or validity of points of
Union law. If a legal action produces a disputed point
of this kind, a national court can request a
preliminary ruling by the European Court. It must do
so if there is no higher court of appeal in the
member State concerned.
The Economic and Social Committee and the ECSC
Consultative Committee
Before a Commission proposal can be adopted by the
)"EU9 Economic&Social and ECSC Committees"
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Council, it must be sent for an opinion not only
to the European Parliament, but also, in the
majority of cases, to the Union`s Economic and
Social Committee. This is a consultative body
with 189 members who represent employers,
trade unions and other special interest groups,
such as farmers and consumers.
Matters relating to coal and steel are referred
to the ECSC Consultative Committee, which is
made up of representatives of manufacturers,
traders, workers and consumers.
"EU10 ECSC"
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The Council of Europe
The Council of Europe was founded in London in 1949.
It aims to achieve a greater unity between its
members to safeguard their common European
heritage and to aid their economic and social growth.
Membership is open to European nations that "accept
the principals of the rule of law and of the
enjoyment by all persons within their jurisdiction of
human rights and fundamental freedoms".
The Council of Ministers, which consists of the
foreign ministers of all the member states, meets
twice each year and their representatives meet once
a month. Agreements by the Council are in the form
of European Conventions or as looser
recommenations to governments.
"Council of Europe(1)"
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The headquarters of the Council of Europe are in
Strasbourg, France.
Members of the Council of Europe
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic
Denmark Estonia Finland France
Germany Greece Hungary
Iceland Ireland Italy
Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta
Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland
San Marino Slovenia Spain Sweden
Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom
The flag of the Council of Europe is the same as that
of the EU: twelve gold stars on a blue background
"Council of Europe(2)"
Note1
The Western European Union
The Western European Union was founded in 1948
with the aim of cooperating "in economic, social and
cultural matters and for collective self-defence".
 These functions have been gradually transferred to
the EU, the Council of Europe and NATO. Although, in
1984, the WEU was reactivated to try and improve
military cooperation between it`s members and to
help them improve their contributions to NATO. The
headquarters of the WEU are in London, UK. The
members of the WEU are:
 Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and
the United Kingdom.
"Western European Union"
Note1
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE)
The CSCE was came about in 1975 under the Final Act
of a security conference held in Helsinki, Finland.
The aims of CSCE were put forward in the Charter of
Paris, which was signed by all the member states in
November 1990. Members pledged a "commitment to
settle disputes by peaceful means" and a "common
adherence to democratic values and to human rights
and fundamental freedoms".
The Charter, which effectivally formally ended the
Cold War, proposed a CSCE assembly, with members
of the parliament drawn from all member countries.
It was agreed that CSCE foreign ministers should
meet at least once a year.
"CSCE"
Note1
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
The EFTA aims to achieve free trade in industrial
goods between it`s member nations, to help create a
single West European market and to promote an
expansion in world trade. The first aim was met in
December 1966 when most internal taxes on
industrial goods were abolished. Considerable
progress was made towards the second aim in April
1984 when trade agreements with the EC abolished
taxes on industrial goods between EFTA and EC
countries.
The EFTA was founded on 3 May 1960 in Stockholm,
Sweden.
Membership: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein,
 Norway, Sweden and Switzerland
"EFTA"
Note1
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)
The OECD was founded in September 1961 to replace
the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
which had been established under the Marshall Aid
Plan in 1948. It encourages economic and social
welfare in member states and aims to improve aid to
developing countries. It`s headquarters are in Paris,
France.
Members in Europe are: Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom. The EU is an observer member.
"OECD"
Note1
Group of Seven (G7)
G7 is a grouping of the World`s leading economic
powers. Since 1975 the heads of government of these
countries have met for regular summits concerning
major economic, monetary and political problems.
Membership: Canada, France, Germany, Japan,
Italy, United Kingdom and the United States.
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
The CIS is a grouping of most of the former
republics of the USSR.
It's members in Europe are:
Armenia, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and the Ukraine.
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
The CEFTA was set up in 1992 by
Poland, the Czech
Republic, Slovakia and Hungar
 It intends to set up a
free trade area by 2001.
"G7,CIS,CEFTA"
Note1
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO was an idea first put forward by the Secretary
of State for External Affairs for Canada in April
1949 and came into force in August 1949. NATO is
often called the Western Alliance.
The North Atlantic Council is the highest authority
of the alliance. It comprises of 16 permanment
representatives, one from each member nation, and
is chaired by the Secretary General of NATO. The
defence of the NATO area is the responsibity of the
Defence Planning Committee. France is not a member
of the DPC, which meets regularly at ambassadorial
level and twice a year at ministerial level.
European members are: Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and UK.
"NATO"
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THE UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations officially came into being on 24
October 1945. There were 51 founder countries.
Today, membership totals 179 countries, including
every country in Europe, except Andorra (although
some European countries are only observer
members). The main work of the UN is peace-keeping,
in such places as Bosnia and Cyprus. The UN is also
involved in a vast range of cultural, economic and
humanitarian work. The main institutions of the UN
are: The General Assembly, Economic and Social
Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of
Justice and the Secretariat. The UN also controls
various other bodies including: WHO, UNHCR, UNICEF,
 UNFPA, UNEP, IMF, UNESCO, IDA, GATT, and IAEA.
"United Nations"
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STATES 
euROpe
SELECTION
STATISTIC
 LISTS
VARIOUS
 ASPECTS
EUROPE
, INCLUDING
POPULATION
WEALTH
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CLICK HERE TO
BEGIN SECTION
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List1
Select List To View:
Most Highly Pop.Nations
Least Populated Nations
Most Densely Pop.Nations
Least Densely Pop.Nations
Highest Infant Mortality
Lowest Infant Mortality
Longest Life Expectancy
Shortest Life Expectancy
Richest Nations
Largest Cities
Largest Nations
Smallest Nations
Longest Rivers
Highest Mountains
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Return To Menu
"Eurolists"
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STATES 
euROpe 
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THE 1O MOST HIGHLY
POPULATED COUNTRIES IN
EUROPE
country population
Russia 148,263,000
Germany 79,479,000
Italy 57,662,000
United Kingdom 57,411,000
France 56,440,000
Turkey 56,098,000
Ukraine 51,857,000
Spain 38,959,000
Poland 38,180,000
Romania 23,200,000
     
"Least Populated Countries"
THE 1O LEAST POPULATED
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE
country population
Vatican City 1,000
San Marino 24,000
Monaco 29,000
Liechtenstein 29,000
Andorra 52,000
Iceland 255,000
Malta 354,000
Luxembourg 381,000
Cyprus 702,000
Estonia 1,583,000
"Eurolists-Populations"
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STATES 
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"Most densely pop"
THE 1O MOST DENSELY
POPULATED COUNTRIES IN
EUROPE
country  pop. density
Monaco 14,500/sq.km
Vatican City 2,273/sq.km
Malta 1,120/sq.km
San Marino 393/sq.km
Netherlands 365/sq.km
Belgium 323/sq.km
United Kingdom 235/sq.km
Germany 222/sq.km
Italy 191/sq.km
Liechtenstein 181/sq.km
"Least Density Populated"
THE 1O LEAST DENSELY
POPULATED
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE
country  pop. density
Iceland 2/sq.km
Russia 9/sq.km
Norway 13/sq.km
Finland 15/sq.km
Sweden 19/sq.km
Estonia 35/sq.km
Latvia 42/sq.km
Belorussia 49/sq.km
Ireland 51/sq.km
Lithuania 57/sq.km
"Eurolists-Pop.Density"
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STATES 
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"Highest Mortality Rates"
THE 1O COUNTRIES WITH
THE HIGHEST INFANT
MORTALITY RATES IN
EUROPE
country mortality rate
Turkey 62 per 1000
Macedonia 35 per 1000
Albania 32 per 1000
Azerbaijan 26 per 1000
Moldavia 21 per 1000
Yugoslavia 21 per 1000
Georgia 20 per 1000
Armenia 20 per 1000
Romania 19 per 1000
Russia 18 per 1000
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THE 13 LOWEST INFANT
MORTALITY RATES IN
EUROPE
country mortality rate
Liechtenstein 3 per 1000
Finland 5 per 1000
Iceland 5 per 1000
Sweden 6 per 1000
Norway 6 per 1000
Denmark 6 per 1000
France 7 per 1000
Switzerland 7 per 1000
Ireland 8 per 1000
United Kingdom 8 per 1000
Netherlands 8 per 1000
Germany 8 per 1000
Belgium 8 per 1000
"Eurolists-IMR"
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STATES 
euROpe 
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"Longest Life Expectancy"
THE 9 COUNTRIES WITH
THE LONGEST LIFE
EXPECTANCY IN EUROPE
country life expectancy
Andorra 78 yrs
Iceland 78 yrs
Netherlands 78 yrs
Sweden 78 yrs
Switzerland 78 yrs
Cyprus 77 yrs
France 77 yrs
Greece 77 yrs
Spain 77 yrs
"Shortest Life Expectancy"
 THE 1O COUNTRIES WITH
SHORTEST LIFE EXPECTANCY
IN EUROPE
country life expectancy
Turkey 66 yrs
Moldavia 69 yrs
Azerbaijan 70 yrs
Estonia 70 yrs
Latvia 70 yrs
Liechtenstein 70 yrs
Russia 70 yrs
Lithuania 71 yrs
Slovakia 71 yrs
Ukraine 71 yrs
"Eurolists-Life Expect."
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STATES 
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"Richest Countries"
THE 1O RICHEST COUNTRIES
IN EUROPE
country GNP per person
Switzerland 30,270 US$
Luxembourg 24,860 US$
Norway 21,850 US$
Sweden 21,710 US$
Iceland 21,240 US$
Liechtenstein 21,000 US$
Germany 20,750 US$
Denmark 20,510 US$
Finland 17,830 US$
France 17,830 US$
"Largest Cities"
THE 1O LARGEST CITIES IN
EUROPE
city  country population
Moscow Russia 10,367,000
London UK 9,170,000
Paris France 8,709,000
St.Petersburg Rus.5,020000
Istanbul Turkey 4,870,000
Milan Italy 4,738,000
Madrid Spain 4,103,000
Barcelona Spain 4,103,000
Berlin Germany 3,300,000
Athens Greece 3,223,000
"Eurolists-Richest/Cities"
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STATES 
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"Largest Countries"
THE 1O LARGEST
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE
country area
Russia 17,078,000 sq.km
Turkey 779,450 sq.km
Ukraine 603,700 sq.km
France 543,965 sq.km
Spain 504,880 sq.km
Sweden 449,790 sq.km
Germany 357,868 sq.km
Finland 337,030 sq.km
Norway 323,895 sq.km
Poland 312,685 sq.km
"Smallest Countries"
THE 1O SMALLEST
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE
country area
Vatican City 0.44 sq.km
Monaco 2 sq.km
San Marino 61 sq.km
Liechtenstein 160 sq.km
Malta 316 sq.km
Andorra 465 sq.km
Luxembourg 2,585 sq.km
Cyprus 9,250 sq.km
Slovenia 20,250 sq.km
Macedonia 25,713 sq.km
"Eurolists-Large/Small"
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STATES 
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"Longest Rivers"
THE 1O LONGEST RIVERS
IN EUROPE
river countries length
Volga
 Russia 3,530 km
Danube
Ger.,Aus.,Slov.,Hun.,Yugo.,
Rom.,Bulg.,Rus. 2,850 km
 Russia 2,540 km
Dnepr
 Russia,Belorussia,
Ukraine 2,285 km
 Russia 1,969 km
Pechora
 Russia 1,809 km
 Russia 1,805 km
 Russia 1,500 km
Belaya
 Russia 1,430 km
Dnestr
 Ukr.,Mold.1,352 km
"Highest Mountains"
  THE 1O HIGHEST
MOUNTAINS IN EUROPE
mountain height(highest
point)
Elbrus 5,642m
Dykh Tau 5,203m
Shkhara 5,201m
Pik Shota Rustaveli 5,190m
Koshtantau 5,144m
Pik Pushkin 5,100m
Jangi Tau 5,051m
Dzhangi Tau 5,049m
Kazbek 5,047m
Katyn Tau 4,985m
  all peaks in
Caucasus`,Russia
"Eurolists-Rivers/Mount."
Note1
EUROPEAN MISCELLANEOUS
VARIOUS OTHER AREAS OF EUROPE
Note2
Click Below To Select Section:
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EUROPE IN SPACE
European Space Programs in the 1990`s
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EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS
Select the country you require and the code will be displayed
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THE FLAG OF EUROPE
The Twelve Gold Stars
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Return To Main Menu
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Notes & Credits
"European Miscellaneous"
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EUROPE:EuropeFlag Brushes
European Flag(large)
Note1
THE FLAG OF EUROPE
The European flag consists of twelve gold stars on a
blue background. Contary to popular belief,these do
not stand for the twelve members of the EC, but
represent symmetry and harmony. It is the offical
flag of the Council of Europe since 1955 and the EC
since 1986. It is the only flag that can really be
called the true "Flag of Europe".
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CLICK
"European Flag"
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	"Ireland"
Ireland
	"Austria"
Austria
List1
SELECT COUNTRY:
Albania
Alderney
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus              *
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Faeroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
	Gibraltar
Greece
Guernsey            *
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland             *
Isle of Man         *
Italy
Jersey              *
Latvia
Liechtenstein
	Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom      *
Vatican City
Yugoslavia
Greece
Hungary
"gbg"
Guernsey
Faeroe
Islands
Denmark
Finland
"rsm"
San Marino
Romania
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Slovenia
"russia"
Russia
Poland
Portugal
Norway
Italy
"gru"
Georgia
"gbz"
Gibralter
	"Belgium"
Belgium
"mol"
Moldova
Monaco
Malta
Lithuania
Latvia
"gbm"
Isle of Man
"gba"
Alderney
United
Kingdom
Liechtenstein
	"Croatia"
Croatia
"Switzerland"
Switzerland
"Bulgaria"
Bulgaria
	"Andorra"
Andorra
Iceland
"gbj"
Jersey
France
	"Germany"
Germany
"Cyprus"
Cyprus
"Czech"
Czech
Republic
	"Belarus"
Belarus
	"Albania"
Albania
Sweden
Luxembourg
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Slovakia
Turkey
"ukr"
Ukraine
Vatican City
Yugoslavia
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Countries marked
with an "*" drive on
the left, all others
drive on the right
"TITLE"
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL VEHICLE REGISTRATION LETTERS
Note3
This section lists
the codes used by
vehicles when
travelling
internationally, to
distinguish it`s
nationallity. Scroll
through the list on
the left to find the
desired country and
click on it. The
code will be
displayed on the
right. Click "OK"
before viewing
another code.
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Click To Return
To Menu
"Vehicle Registration Codes"
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Note1
EUROPE IN SPACE
THE EUROPEAN SPACE ORGANISATIONS
Note2
THIS SECTION DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCYS
THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
In December 1977 the European Space Agency selected it`s first
group of astronauts, who would fly as the payload specialists
aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle, with the ESA`s Spacelab project.
They first flew in November 1983 and the ESA has had
astronauts on the Shuttles reguarly since then.
The ESA also has it`s own independent projects, such as the
Ariane 5 booster and a space laboratory to be attached to the
U.S. Freedom space station when it is built.
The members of the European Space Agency are: Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the U.K.
European countries with national space programs are described
on the next page.
"Europe in Space (1)"
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OTHER EUROPEAN SPACE PROGRAMS
CENTRE NATIONAL d`ETUDES SPATIALES (CNES)
CNES, the French Space Agency, is Europe`s biggest national
space agency. The CNES regulary has astronauts on flights to
the Mir space station, as well as it`s own projects.
THE RUSSIAN SPACE AGENCY
The RSA manages 80% of the former U.S.S.R.`s programs, but has
had to endure massive budget cuts since independence.
Germany
 has been involved in flights to the Mir space station
and aboard the space shuttle, as well as being one of the main
players in the ESA. 
Italy
 and 
the United Kingdom
 also have
their own programs, while also being members of the ESA.
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+States_of_Europe:Pictures/Europe_from_space
CLICK HERE TO SEE
EUROPE FROM SPACE
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CLICK HERE TO RETURN
TO THE MENU
"Europe in Space (2)"
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Note1
I would welcome any comments,
suggestions or critisisms about this
project. You can write to me at:
David White,
Ballinakill,
Dunmore Road,
Waterford,
IRELAND
It is possible States of Europe may
have to be updated at some stage, as
the situation in Eastern Europe is
likely to produce yet more new
nations, or as new, updated material
comes to hand. If you send me your
name and address I will keep you
updated on developments.
Note2
Feedback
Note3
Credits
I would just
like to thank
Chris Hill &
SP of Total
Concepts!
and John Dell
of Gre
endell
Technologies
for their
help and
advice on
 project
Note4
STATES
EUROPE
D.White
Note5
Click Here
For Menu
Note6
Vorsprung
Durch
Technik!
INFORMATION!
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V . D . I . !
"Notes & Credits"
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DH2:WORKS!/SCRIBBLE!
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