Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag EC Background(grey) Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag i0\^? HaIc< i0\^? HaIc< i0\^? HaIc< Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 THE STATES OF EUROPE hyperbook a reference book for the Amiga By David White D.White 1994) "The States of Europe" Note1 THE STATES OF EUROP Welcome to the hyperbook "States of Europe". This hyperbook is all about the nations of Europe, from Albania to Yugoslavia. It contains 48 nation factfiles, each one representing a European country, containing vital information about each one. As this is an interactive presentation you can call up extra information on a country by just clicking on-screen buttons. This program also contains information on the organisations of Europe, including the EU, and some other features. It was produced by David White using Gold Disk`s Hyperbook program "Introduction" Note1 HOW TO USE THE HYPERBOOK SYSTEM Using the Hyperbook system couldn`t be easier. At the top of each page in the book is a panel containing six buttons. Clicking on one of these with the left mouse button will perform it`s function. The first button on the panel will move you back to the previous page in the book. Clicking the next button will move you to the next page in the book. The third button will bring you back to the first page in the book. The fourth button will bring you to the very last page in the book. The fifth button will move you to the last page you were on. The last button will present you with a table of contents. Clicking on a page here will bring you to it. Click on the button below for a diagram of the navigation panel functions. The other button below will explain the menu items, on the next page. Button1 %States_of_Europe:Pictures/diagram.iff Diagram Button2 The Menus "How To Use Hyperbook" Note1 Hyperbook Menus There are two pull-down menus:The Project and Commands Menu Project Menu LOAD: This loads a new hyperbook : Saves the current book PRINT This will print out the page if a printer is set up-this is handy for, eg, doing projects and using SoE as a reference source ABOUT Information about the HBReader creators. Quits the book Commands Menu FIND TEXT One of the books best features.When you have selected this you can type in text and then the computer will locate it for you in the book. Example, if you were doing a cross word and the clue required you to name the country in which the River Seine is located all you would have to do is type in "Seine" and the computer will locate the page it is on, thus revealing the country. FIND PAGE A similar function, but to find a page. FIND AGAIN Will repeat a search. SHOW PAGE LINKS Not that relevent, it will show all the page links in the book. READ A TEXT FILE Reads any ASCII file. DISPLAY A PICTURE Shows IFF picture files "The Menus" Button1 THE STATES OF EUROPE hyperbook the reference book for the Amiga Button2 Click Below To Select Section: Button3 EUROPEAN ORGANISATIONS The EU to the CIS, what they do, how they work. Button4 A-Z FACTFILES OF THE STATES OF EUROPE Albania to Yugoslavia, area to government, all the vital info. Button5 EUROLISTS Highest population, richest countries & more Button6 EUROPEAN MISCELLANEOUS Europe in space, the flag of Europe & more. "Main Menu" Note1 THE NATIONS OF EUROPE FACTFILES This is the main section of the "States of Europe" h yperbook. It contains fac tfiles on every country in Europe,including Turkey and Russia. By clicking the button below you can select any of the 48 factfiles. Each file contains general information on the country you have chosen, including area, population, and main ies. Further information on the chosen country can be di splayed on the screen, includi geography, government and region statistics,by click ing on the buttons at the bottom of the screen. ting other co tries, sections o r menus can be one by using the control panel at the top of each page. List1 SELECT COUNTRY: Key To Factfiles Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldavia Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Yugoslavia Button1 CLICK HERE TO SELECT COUNTRY !"The Nations of Europe Factfiles" Note1 KEY TO NATIONS FACTFILES Offical Name: Each country`s offical name. Political Status: Republic, Monarchy etc. Area(sq.km): The area of the country in square kilometers. Population: Its population according to latest figures. Pop.Density: The average amount of people living in one sq.km Life Expectancy: Most recent UN figures Capital City: The nation`s capital Main Cities: Its principal cities,not including the capital. Principal Languages: The main languages spoken in the country. Principal Religons: The main practiced religons. Organisations: Its membership of major internationl organ. Education:Literacy Rate: The % of adults who are literate Compulsory Schooling: The years a one must attend. No. of Universities: The number of universities. Economy:Currency: The currency of the country GNP: The average amount PER PERSON per year. Main Products: The principal produce of the country. Note2 Highest Point: The highest point in the country, in metres Main Rivers: The principal rivers in the country Climate: A summary of the climate Other Features: A summary of the country`s physical features, including mountain ranges, etc. Button1 Geography Button2 Leaders Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Regions Button5 Button6 Click For:>>> Note3 Defence: Military Service: The compulsory military service Total Armed Forces: The total armed forces Government: A summary of the governmental system Infant Mortality Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 births Population Change 1980-90: The percentage change in the population during the 1980`s. %Urban Population: percentage of people living in urban areas. Note4 A list of recent leaders of the country and the period they held the post. Note5 A summary of the regions of a country, including their area, population and capital city. "Key To Factfiles" Note1 ALBANIA Offical Name: Republika Shqiperise(Republic of Albania) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 28 750 Population: 3 250 000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 73 yrs Capital City: Tirana Main Cities: Durres, Elbasan, Shkoder, Vlore, Korec Principal Languages: Albanian Principal Religons: Muslim Organisations: UN, CSCE Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: GNP: 1 200 US$ Main Products: Crude minerals, Food "Flag" Ram Disk: AlbGeoCzeAzeBosUkr Note2 Defence: Military Service: 2-3 yrs Total Armed Forces: 40,700 Other Pop. Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 32 per 1000 Population Change 1980-90: 21.5% Government: Unitary republic with unicameral legislature "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Semani, Drini, Vjosa Highest Point: Mount Korab 2751m Climate: Hot summers,mild winters near coast but cold inland Other Features: Most of Albania is mountainous, apart from a short coastal strip. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Albania" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 ANDORRA Offical Name: Les Valls d`Andorra(The Valleys of Andorra) Political Status: Principality Area(sq.km): Population: 52,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 78 yrs Capital City: Andorra-la-Vella Principal Languages: Catalan, French, Spanish Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: None Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No. of Universities: None Economy: Currency: French Franc, Spanish Peseta GNP: 16,600 US$ Main Products: Clothing, Food Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing1 Note2 Other Population Figure s: Infant Mortality: 13 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 51.6% Defence: There are no armed forces in Andorra "Geography" Geography Main River: Valira Highest Point: Pla del`Estany 3011m Climate: Mild, but cold in winter, with snow Other Features: Andorra is a very mountainous country. "Andorra" Note1 ARMENIA Name: Armenija Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 29,800 Population: 3,324,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Yerevan Main Cities: Kumayri, Karaklis, Kamo, Angekhakot, Alaverdi Principal Languages: Armenian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CIS, CSCE Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Minerals, Chemicals, Cotton Geography: Climate: Hot, dry summers, severe winters Other Features: There are extensive mountain pastures, and arable land is limited, but fertile. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 Note2 Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 20 per 1000 "Armenia" Note1 AUSTRIA Offical Name: Republik Osterreich Political Status: Federal Republic Area(sq.km): 83,855 Population: 7,712,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 75 yrs Capital City: Vienna Main Cities: Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Villach Principal Languages: German Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EFTA, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Schilling GNP: US$17,360 Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ, Chemicals Button1 Defence & Pop.Info Button2 Regions Drawing1 "Regions" AUSTRIAN LANDER Area(sq.km): Population: Capital: Burgenland 3,966 270,000 Eisenstadt Carinthia 9,533 536,000 Klagenfurt Lower Austria 19,171 1,428,000 Vienna Salzburg 7,154 442,000 Salzburg Styria 16,387 1,187,000 Graz Tirol 12,647 587,000 Innsbruck Upper Austria 11,979 1,270,000 Vienna 415 1,531,000 Vienna Vorarlberg 2,601 305,000 Bregenz "Pop.,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 6 months Total Armed Forces: 42,500 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: Federal multiparty Note4 Geography Main Rivers: Danube, Inn, Mur Highest Point: Grossglockner 3798m Climate: Varies, generally continental Other Features: In the north and north-east lies fertile land, the west is mountainous, with the Alps Button3 Click For:>>> Button4 Button5 Geography "Austria" Note1 AZERBAIJAN Name: Azarbaijchan Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 86,600 Population: 7,153,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 70 yrs Capital City: Main Cities: Gyandzha, Stepanakert, Sumgait, Lenkoran Principal Languages: Azerbaijani Principal Religons: Shi`a Muslim Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Manat Main Products: Crude oil, Clothing, Textiles, Footwear Geography: Main Rivers: Kura, Araxes Highest Point: 4480 m Climate: Subtropical Other Features: Comprises of two autonomous regions, seperated by a strip of Armenian territory. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Picture1 Ram Disk: Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 26 per 1000 "Azerbaijan" Note1 BELARUS Offical Name: Belarus Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 208,000 Population: 10,278,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Minsk Main Cities: Gomel`, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Bobruysk, Orsha, Popotsk Principal Languages: Belorussian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CIS, CSCE Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Processed food, Chemicals, Machinery Geography: Main Rivers: Neman, Pripet, Dnieper Highest Point: gora Zamkova 323 m Climate: Varies, from maritime to continental Other Features: Swamps and marsh cover large areas, but when drained are very fertile. A third is also forested Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 12 per 1000 Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info "Belarus" Note1 BELGIUM Offical Name: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie (Kingdom of Belgium) Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 30,520 Population: 9,845,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Brussels Main Cities: Antwerp, Gent, Charleroi, Liege, Bruges, Malines Principal Languages: French, Dutch Principal Relgions: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, OECD,Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Franc GNP: 16,390 Main Products: Transport equipment,Plastics,Iron,Food Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 10-12 months Total Armed Forces: 92,400 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 8 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: -0.1% Government: Bicameral legislature "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Scheldt, Meuse, Sambre Highest Point: Botrange 694m Climate: Mild temperate Other Features: Stretches from a fertile plateau in the north to forested hills in the south. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Defence & Pop.Info Button3 Geography "Belgium" Note1 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Offical Name: Bosnia i Hercegovina Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 51,130 Population: 4,200,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Sarajevo Main Cities: Banja Luka, Mostar, Zenica, Tuzla Principal Languages: Serbo-Croat Principal Religons: Muslim, Orthodox, Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Dinar Main Products: Machinery, Coal, Iron ore, Bauxite Geography: Main Rivers: Bosna, Vrbas, Drina Highest Point: Cvrsnica 2222m Climate: Mediterranean near coast,much cooler inland Other Features: Virtually landlocked country and is also mountainous "Flag" Ram Disk: AlbGeoCzeAzeBosUkr Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 15 per 1000 (all pop.figures on page are pre-civil war) "Bosnia" Note1 BULGARIA Offical Name: Republika Bulgariya(Republic of Bulgaria) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 110,910 Population: 8,980,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 73 yrs Capital City: Sofia Main Cities: Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pleven Principal Languages: Bulgarian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: 2,320 US$ Main Products: Engineering goods, Consumer goods, Food. Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 2-3 yrs Total Armed Forces: 177,500 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 14 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: Democraticly elected 400-member National Assembly "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Danube, Iskur, Maritsa, Tundzha Highest Point: Musala 2925m Climate: Continental in north,Mediterranean in south Other Features: Bulgaria has mountainous central and southern areas,the north has the fertile Danube plain Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Bulgaria" Note1 CROATIA Offical Name: Republika Hrvatska (Republic of Croatia) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 56,540 Population: 4,600,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Zagreb Main Cities: Osijek, Rijeka, Split, Sisak, Zadar, Dubrovnik Principal Languages: Serbo-Croat Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Kuna Main Products: Crude oil, Machinery, Cement Geography: Main Rivers: Sava, Drava Highest Point: Vaganski Vrh 1758m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Central and eastern Croatia has very fertile land, but the coast is mountainous and barren. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Picture1 EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes SpaTurMolRusCroLux "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 10 per 1000 "Croatia" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 CYPRUS Offical Name: Kypiaki Dimokratia Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 9,250 Population: 702,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: Capital City: Nicosia Main Cities: Limassol, Larnaca, Famagusta Principal Languages: Greek, Turkish Principal Religons: Orthodox, Sunni Islam Organisations: UN, C, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 5-12 yrs,in south only No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Pound GNP: 7,050 US$ Main Products: Clothing, Potatoes, Citrus fruit "Flags" SoE Working Disk:The Nations Cyprus 1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 29 months Total Armed Forces: 13,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 10 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 11.4% Government: Democraticly elected 56-member House "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Seranhis, Pedieas Highest Point: Mount Olympus 1951m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Mountainous country, apart from midlands Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Cyprus" Note1 CZECH REPUBLIC Offical Name: Ceska Republika (Czech Republic) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 78,863 Population: 10,356,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Prague Main Cities: Brno, Ostrava, Plzen, Olomouc, Ceske Budejovice Principal Languages: Czech Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Economy: Currency: Koruna Main Products: Machinery, Transport equipment Geography: Main Rivers: Vltava,Morava Highest Point: Snezka 1603 m Climate: Continental Other Features: The Czech Republic consists of hills and plateaux in the west and rising land in the east. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000 "Czech Republic" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 DENMARK Offical Name: Kongeriget Danmark(Kingdom of Denmark) Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 43,075 Population: 5,140,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Copenhagen Main Cities: Arhus, Odense, Alborg, Esbjerg, Randers, Horsens Principal Languages: Danish Principal Religons: Lutheran Organisations: UN, EU, OECD, NATO, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Krone GNP: 20,510 US$ Main Products: Machinery and instruments, Agricultural products, Chemical products Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Drawing1 "Geography" "Dainish Dependencies" DANISH AUTONOMOUS DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE Faeroe Islands Status: Self Governing part of the Danish Realm Area(sq.km): 1399 Population: 47,300 Capital: Torshavn(pop.:14,600) "Geography" Geography Main River: Gudena Highest Point: Yding Skovhoj 173m Climate: Temperate Other Features: Denmark consists of the Jutland Peninsula and over 400 islands,only about a quarter of these are inhabited "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 9-12 months Total Armed Forces: 31,600 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 6 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 0.4% Government: Democratically elected 179-member parliament Button4 Geography "Denmark" Note1 ESTONIA Offical Name: Eesti Vabariik (Republic of Estonia) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 45,100 Population: 1,583,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 70 yrs Capital City: Tallinn Main Cities: Tartu, Narva, Kohtla-Jarve, Parnu, Haapsalu Principal Languages: Estonian, Russian Principal Religons: Lutheran, Orthodox Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Economy: Currency: Kroon Main Products: Textiles, Cement, Processed foods, Paper Geography: Main Rivers: Parnu Highest Point: There are no major peaks Climate: Temperate Other Features: Generally flat or undulating, with extensive forests and many lakes Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 15 per 1000 "Estonia" Note1 FINLAND Offical Name: Suomen Tasavalta (Republic of Finland) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 337,030 Population: 4,986,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Helsinki Main Cities: Tampere, Turku, Vantaa, Espoo, Oulu, Lahti, Pori, Principal Languages: Finnish, Swedish Principal Religons: Lutheran Organisations: UN, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Markka GNP: 17,830 US$ Main Products: Paper and paper products, Metal products Drawing1 )"Pop,Defence,Government&AutonomousRegion" Defence: Military Service: 11 months Total Armed Forces: 31,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 5 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 4.1% Government: Democratically elected 200-member parliament Finnish Autonomous County: Aland Islands(Area[sq.km]: 1527 Population: 24,000 Capital: Mariehamn[pop.:10,000]) "Geographt" Geography Main Rivers: Paatsjoki, Kemijoki, Kokemaenjoki Highest Point: Haltiatunturi 1342m Climate: Cool temperate Other Features: Generally flat land with lakes and forests, but soils are thin and poor on the ice-scarred granite plateau. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Finland" "France-General Info" FRANCE Offical Name: La Republique Francaise (The French Republic) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 543,965 Population: 56,440,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 77 yrs Capital City: Paris Main Cities: Lyon, Marseille, Lille, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Nantes Principal Languages: French Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, WEU, G7, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Compulsory Schooling: 6-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Franc GNP: 17,830 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Agricultural products Drawing1 "Regions of Franch" REGIONS OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC Area(sq.km) Population Capital City Alsace 8,280 1,605,000 Strasbourg Aquitaine 41,308 2,708,000 Bordeaux Auvergne 26,013 1,329,000 Clermont Brittany 27,208 1,374,000 Rennes Burgundy 31,582 1,604,000 Dijon Centre 39,151 2,333,000 Orleans Champagne-Ardenne 25,606 1,359,000 Reims Corsica 8,680 243,000 Ajaccio Franche-Comte 16,202 1,099,000 Besancon Ile-de-France 12,012 10,290,000 Paris Languedoc-Roussilicon 27,376 2,072,000 Montpellier Limousin 16,942 735,000 Limoges Lorraine 23,547 2,320,000 Nancy Lower-Normandy 17,589 1,374,000 Caen Midi-Pyrenees 45,348 2,370,000 Toulouse Nord-Pas-de-Calais 12,414 3,923,000 Lille Pays de la Loire 32,082 3,013,000 Nantes Picardy 19,399 1,787,000 Amiens Poitou-Charentes 25,810 1,601,000 Poitiers Provence-Cote d`Azur 31,400 4,116,000 Marseille Rhone-Alpes 43,698 5,177,000 Lyon Upper Normandy 12,317 1,685,000 Rouen "Population,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 12-18 months Total Armed Forces: 466,300 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 7 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 4.2% Government: Democratically elected 577-member National Assembly(lower house) and 321-member senate(upper house) "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Rhine, Loire, Rhone, Seine, Garonne, Saone Highest Point: Mont Blanc 4807m Climate: South is Mediterranean, the rest is temperate Other Features: France encompasses a series of high plateaux, mountain ranges and lowland basins. "French Leaders" FRENCH LEADERS SINCE 1947 Presidents of Fourth Republic: Vincent Auriol 1947-54 Rene Coty 1954-58 Presidents of Fifth Republic General Charles de Gaulle 1959-69 Georges Pompidou 1969-74 Valery Giscard d`Estaing 1974-81 Francois Mitterand 1981- Button1 Geography Button2 Leaders Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Regions Button5 Button6 Click For:>>> "France" Note1 GEORGIA Offical Name: Sakartvelo/Sakartvelos Respublica (Geo/Rep Geo) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 69,700 Population: 5,464,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Tbilisi Main Cities: Kutaisi, Rustavi, Batumi, Poti, Gori, Sukhumi Principal Languages: Georgian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Manganese, Tae, Textiles Geography: Main Rivers: Kura Highest Point: Kazbek Climate: Subtropical Other Features: Georgia is a mountainous country, with much of it forested, which includes the Caucasus Mts. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 Note2 Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 20 per 1000 "Georgia" Drawing1 Note1 GERMANY Offical Name: Bundesrepublik Deutchland (Federal Rep. of Ger.) Political Status: Federal Republic Area(sq.km): 357,868 Population: 79,479,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Berlin Main Cities: Hamburg, Munich, Koln, Frankfurt, Essen, Bonn Principal Languages: German Principal Religons: Lutheran, Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, G7, OECD, Council of Europe Education: Compulsory Schooling: 6-18 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Deutchmark GNP: 20,750 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ, Chemicals "Lander" German Lander Area(sq.km) Population Capital Baden-Wurttemberg 35,752 9,327,000 Stuttgart Bavaria 70,546 11,026,000 Munich Berlin 3,300,000 Berlin Brandenburg 28,016 2,712,000 Potsdam Bremen 404 654,000 Bremen Hamburg 1,571,000 Hamburg Hesse 21,114 5,544,000 Wiesbaden Lower Saxony 47,431 7,196,000 Hannover Mecklenburg-West Pomerania 26,694 2,110,000 Schwerin Nord Rhine-Westphalia 34,066 16,677,000 Dusseldorf Rhineland-Palatinate 19,848 3,611,000 Mainz Saarland 2,571 1,042,000 Saarbrucken Saxony 17,713 5,056,000 Dresden Saxony-Anhalt 20,297 3,056,000 Magdeburg Schleswig-Holstein 15,720 2,613,000 Thuringia 15,209 Erfurt "Leaders" German Leaders since 1949 Federal German Chancellors East German Leaders Konrad Adenauer 1949-63 Walter Ulbricht 1950-71 Prof Ludwig Erhard 1963-66 Erich Honecker 1971-89 Dr Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1966-69 Dr Willy Brandt 1969-74 Walter Scheel 1974 Helmut Schmidt 1974-82 Helmut Kohl 1982- "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 12-15 months Total Armed Forces: 494,300 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 8 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 1.5% Government: Democratically elected 68-member Bundesrat (upper house) and 662-member Bundestag (lower house) "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Oder, Moselle, Necker Highest Point: Zugspitze 2963m Climate: Temperate Other Features: Because of its size,Germany has a great diversity of features inc.:plains,forests,lakes,mountains Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Geography Button4 Leaders Button5 Defence & Pop.Info Button6 Regions "Germany" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 GREECE Offical Name: Elleniki Dimokratia/Ellas (Hellenic Rep./Greece) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 131,985 Population: 10,123,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 77 yrs Capital City: Athens Main Cities: Thessalonika, Piraievs, Patrai, Larisa, Heraklion Principal Languages: Greek Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Drachma GNP: 5,340 US$ Main Products: Clothing, Footwear, Tobacco, Olives Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 20-24 months Total Armed Forces: 208,500 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 13 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 4.2% Government: Democratically elected 300-member parliament "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Aliakmon, Pinios, Akheloos Highest Point: Mount Olympus 2911m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: The Greek mainland and its many islands are dominated by mountains and sea. "Greece" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 HUNGARY Offical Name: Magyarorszag/Magyar Koztarsasag (Hungary / Hungarian Republic) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km); 93,030 Population: 10,553,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Budapest Main Cities: Debrecen, Miskolc, Pecs, Szeged, Gyor, Nyiregyhaza Principal Languages: Hungarian Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Forint GNP: 2,560 US$ Main Products: Semifinished products, Raw materials Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 1 year Total Armed Forces: 91,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 17 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: -1.5% Government: Democratically elected 386 member parliament "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Danube, Tisza, Drava HighestPoint: Kekes 1015m Climate: Continental Other Features: Most of Hungary consists of lowland, apart from thickly wooded highlands in the northeast. "Hungary" Note1 ICELAND Offical Name: Lydveldid Island (The Republic of Iceland) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 102,820 Population: 255,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 78 yrs Capital City: Reykjavik Main Cities: Akureyri, Keflavik Principal Languages: Icelandic Principal Religons: Lutheran Organisations: UN, NATO, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: 100% Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Krona GNP: 21,240 US$ Main Products: Fish and fish products, Aluminum Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Iceland has no defence force Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 5 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: Democratically elected 63-member parliament "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Thjorsa, Skjalfanda, Fljot Highest Point: Hvannadalshnukur 2119m Climate: Cool temperate Other Features: Landscape is entirely volcanic, features include ice sheets, lava fields,active volcanoes and geysers. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Iceland" Note1 IRELAND Offical Name: Eire or Ireland Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 68,895 Population: 3,503,000 Pop.Density: Life Expectancy: 75 yrs Capital City: Dublin Main Cities: Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford, Sligo Principal Languages: Irish, English Principal Religons: Roman Catholic, Protestant Organisations: UN, EU, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Punt GNP: 8,500 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equipment, Food, Chemical products Drawing1 "Leaders" LEADERS OF IRELAND EXECTIVE PRESIDENTS: Arthur Griffith 1922 Micheal Collins 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave 1922-32 Eamon de Valera 1932-37 TAOISEACH: PRESIDENTS: Eamon de Valera 1937-48 Dr Douglas Hyde 1938-45 John Costello 1948-51 Sean Thomas O`Kelly 1945-59 Eamon de Valera 1951-54 Eamon de Valera 1959-73 John Costello 1954-57 Erskine Childers 1973-74 Eamon de Valera 1957-59 Cearbhall O`Dalaigh 1974-76 Sean Lemass 1959-66 Dr Patrick Hillery 1976-90 Jack Lynch 1966-73 Mary Robinson 1990- Liam Cosgrave 1973-77 Jack Lynch 1977-79 Charles Haughey 1979-81 Garret Fitzgerald 1981-82 Charles Haughey 1982 Garret Fitzgerald 1982-87 Charles Haughey 1987-92 Albert Reynolds 1992- "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Shannon, Suir, Boyne, Barrow, Erne Highest Point: Carrauntuohill 1041m Climate: Mild temperate Other Features: Central Ireland is lowland,and apart from the east coast north of Dublin,is surrounded by mountains and hills Provences of Ireland: Munster, Leinster, Ulster, Connacht Counties of Ireland: Republic only: Cork, Limerick, Kerry, Tipperary,Waterford, Clare, Cavan, Monaghan,Dublin, Meath, Westmeath, Louth, Wicklow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Donegal, Carlow, Offaly, Laois, Longford, Leitrim, Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, Kildare "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: None Total Armed Forces: 13,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 8 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 9.4% Government: Democratically elected 60-member Seanad and 166-member Dail Button1 Geography Button2 Defence & Pop.Info Button3 Leaders "Ireland" Note1 ITALY Offical Name: Italia/ Repubblica Italiana (Italy/Rep. of Italy) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 301,245 Population: 57,662,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Rome Main Cities: Milan, Naples, Turin, Genoa, Palermo, Bologna, Principal Languages: Italian Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, WEU, G7, OECD, CSCE, C. of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Lira GNP: 15,150 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ, Clothing Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Military Service: 1 year Total Armed Forces: 390,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change: 1.1% Government: Democratically elected 315-member Senate and 630-member Chamber of Deputies "Geographt" Geography Main Rivers: Po, Tiber, Arno, Volturno, Garigliano Highest Point: Monte Bianco 4760m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Italy is mainly mountainous or hilly, but the north is dominated by the flat plain of the river Po. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Italy" Note1 LATVIA Offical Name: Latvija Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 63,700 Population: 2,686,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 70 yrs Capital City: Riga Main Cities: Daugavpils, Liepaja, Jelgava, Ventspils, Rezekne Principal Languages: Latvian Principal Religions: Protestant Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Latvian Rouble Main Products: Machinery, Clothing,Paper Geography: Principal Rivers: Venta, Dvina Highest Point: Gaizipa kalns 311m Climate: Windy, Cloudy and Humid Other Features: Forests, Meadows, Swamps and wasteland predominate in a low-lying country. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000 "Latvia" Note1 LIECHTENSTEIN Offical Name: Furstentum Liechtenstein(Principality of Liecht.) Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): Population: 29,000 Pop.Density: Life Expectancy: 70 yrs Capital City: Vaduz Main Cities: Balzers Principal Languages: German Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EFTA, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: 100% Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: none Economy: Currency: Swiss Franc GNP: 21,000 Main Products: Machinery, Metal Products Picture1 SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes SwePolMonSMaLieGre Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Liechtenstein`s defence is the responsibility of Switzerland Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 3 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 7.7% Government: Democratically elected 25-member Landstag Note3 Geography Main Rivers: Rhine, Samina Highest Point: Grauspitze 2599m Climate: Mild Alpine climate Other Features: Plains in the north are divided by the Rhine with the Alps in the south. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Liechtenstein" Note1 LITHUANIA Offical Name: Lietuva Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 65,200 Population: 3,731,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 71 yrs Capital City: Vilinus Main Cities: Kaunas, Klaipeda, Slauliai, Panevezys Principal Languages: Lithuanian Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Crude Oil, Food, Consumer Electronics Geography: Main Rivers: Neman Highest Point: No mountain ranges, HP is 284m high Climate: Temperate Other Features: Land is very low-lying,on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Drawing1 Note2 Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000 Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info "Lithuania" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 LUXEMBOURG Offical Name: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg(Grand Duchy of Lux.) Political Status: Constitional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 2,585 Population: 381,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 75 yrs Capital City: Luxembourg Main City: Diekirch Principal Languages: Luxembourgian, French, German Principal Religions: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, OECD, NATO, WEU, CSCE, C. of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: 100% Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Franc GNP: 24,860 US$ Main Products: Metal Products, Machinery, Plastics Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: None Total Armed Forces: Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change: 1980-90: 2.5% Government: Democrat. elected 60-member Chamber of Deputies Governmeber mocrat. elected 60-member Chamber of Deputies "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Moselle, Sure, Our, Alzette Highest Point: Huldange 550m Climate: Mild and temperate Other Features: The north is made up of thickly forested river valleys and the south mainly rolling, lush pastureland. "Luxembourg" Note1 MACEDONIA Official Name: Republika Makedonija (internal) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (international) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 25,713 Population: 2,034,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Skopje Main Cities: Ohrid, Prilep, Bitola, Kumanovo Principal Languages: Macedonian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: Economy: Currency: Dinar Geography: Main Rivers: Vardar,Crna Highest Point: Titov vrh 2702m Climate: Dry summers but heavy rainfall in mountains Other Features: Landlocked mountainous country, divided by two major river valleys. "Flag" Ram Disk: MacSlov "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 35 per 1000 Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info "Macedonia" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 MALTA Offical Name: Repubblika Ta`Malta (Republic of Malta) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): Population: 354,000 Pop. Density: 1,120 Life Expectancy: 74 yrs Capital City: Valletta Main Towns: Sliema, Victoria Principal Languages: Maltese, English Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, C, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 5-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Lira GNP: 5,820 US$ Main Products: Manufactured Goods, Machinery "Flag" SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes MalVatPorSwiUKAlb "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: None Total Armed Forces: 1500 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: Democratically elected 65-member House of Representatives "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: There are no significant rivers Highest Point: an unnamed point 249m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Malta consists of three inhabited islands made of a low limestone plateaux. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Malta" Note1 MOLDOVA Offical Name: Republica Moldoveneasca Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 33,700 Population: 4,368,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectency: 69 yrs Capital City: Kishinev Main Cities: Tiraspol, Beltsy, Bendery, Kagul, Orgeyez, Ryonitsa Principal Languages: Romanian Principal Religions: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CSCE, CIS Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Machinery, Grapes, Consumer Products Geography: Main Rivers: Dniester, Reut Highest Point: There are no major mountains Climate: Warm and dry, with mild winters Other Features: Moldavia is a country of hilly plains, soil is very fertile for arable farming. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 Note2 Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 21 per 1000 "Moldavia" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 MONACO Offical Name: Principaute de Monaco (Principality of Monaco) Political Status: Consitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): Population: 29,000 Pop. Density: 14,500 Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: Monaco-Ville Main Town: Monte Carlo Principal Languages: French Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-16 yrs No. of Universities: none Economy: Currency: French Franc GNP: 11,350 US$ Main Products: Chemicals, Plastics Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: There are no armed forces except for a small palace guard Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: Legislative power is jointly held by the Prince and the Democratically elected 18-member National Council "Geography" Geography Main River: Vesubie Highest Point: on Chemin de Revoires 162m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Consists of a rocky peninsula and a short stretch of land on the French Mediterranean coast. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Monaco" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 NETHERLANDS Offical Name: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Kingdom of Nether.) Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 41,160 Population: 14,937,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 78 yrs Capital City: Amsterdam Main Cities: The Hauge, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Arnhem Principal Languages: Dutch Principal Religons: Roman Catholic, Protestant Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, CSCE, WEU, OECD, C. of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 5-16 yrs No. of Universities Economy: Currency: Guilder GNP: 16,010 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equipment, Foods Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Military Service: 14-17 months Total Armed Forces: 103,700 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 8 per 1000 Pop. Change: 5.7% Government: Democratically elected 75-member First Chamber of the States General and 150-member Second Chamber "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Rhine,Maas,Lek,Waal,Oude Rijn Highest Point: Vaalserberg 321m Climate: Maritime temperate Other Features: The Netherlands are very low-lying with networks of dykes and canals to prevent flooding "Netherlands" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 NORWAY Offical Name: Kongeriket Norge (Kingdom of Norway) Political Status: Consitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 323,895 Population: 4,242,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectency: 74 yrs Capital City: Oslo Main Cities: Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, Kristiansand, Drammen Principal Languages: Norwegian Principal Religons: Protestant Organisations: UN, EFTA, OECD, NATO, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Krone GNP: 21,850 Main Products: Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Metal Products Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Military Service: 12-15 months Total Armed Forces: 34,100 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 6 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 3.1% Government: Democratically elected 165-member Storting "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Glomma, Lagen, Tanaelv Highest Point: Gladhopiggen 2469m Climate: Temperate Other Features: Mountains and, on the coast, fjords are the principal geographical features of Norway. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Norway" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 POLAND Offical Name: Polska Rzecpospolita (Republic of Poland) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 312,685 Population: 38,180,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Warsaw Main Cities: Lodz, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Szczecin Principal Languages: Polish Principal Religions: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-14 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Zloty GNP: 1,760 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals, Drawing1 "Pop,Defence&Government" Defence: Military Service: 18-24 months Total Armed Forces: 412,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 17 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: Government: 100-member Senate (upper house) and 460-member Sejm (lower house) "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Vistula, Oder, Narew Highest Point: Rysy 2499m Climate: Short warm summers and long cold winters Other Features: Most of Poland consists of low-land, with the exception of the Carpathian mountains in the south. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Poland" Note1 PORTUGAL Offical Name: A Republica Portuguesa (The Portugese Republic) Political Status: Parliamentary State Area(sq.km): 88,940 Population: 10,525,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 75 yrs Capital City: Lisbon Main Cities: Porto, Setubal, Coimbra, Braga, Vila Nova de Gaia Principal Languages: Portugese Principal Religions: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EC, OECD, NATO, C. of Europe, CSCE, WEU Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-15 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Escudo GNP: 4,260 US$ Main Products: Textiles, Clothing, Electrical Machinery "Flag" SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes MalVatPorSwiUKAlb ""Pop,Defence,Govern,Auton Regions" Defence: Military Service: 12-20 months Total Armed Forces: 75,300 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 13 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 5.3% Government: Democratically elected 250-member Assembly Portugese Autonomous Regions AZORES MADEIRA Area(sq.km): Population: 254,000 272,000 Capital: Ponta Delgada Funchal "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Tagus, Douro, Guadiana Highest Point: Pico 2315m (Azores) Climate: Mild temperate Other Features: Portugal consists of lush forests in the northern mountains, and Mediterranean scrub in the south. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Portugal" Note1 ROMANIA Offical Name: Romania Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 237,500 Population: 23,200,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 72 yrs Capital City: Bucharest Main Cities: Brasov, Timisoara, Iasi, Cluj, Constanta, Galati Principal Languages: Romanian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: GNP: 3,445 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ., Fuels Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Military Service: 16-24 months Total Armed Forces: 171,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 19 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90 4.8% Government: Democratically elected 396-seat National Assembly and 119-seat Senate "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Danube, Mures, Prut Highest Point: Moldoveanu 2544m Climate: Continental Other Features: Romania consists of lowlands in the west, east & south, with the Carpathian mountains in the north. Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Romania" Note1 RUSSIA (Stats are for all Russia,not just European Russia) Offical Name: Rossiyskaya Federatinaya Respublika (Republic of the Russian Federation) or Rossiya (Russia) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 17,078,000 Population: 148,263,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 70 yrs Capital City: Moscow Main Cities: St.Petersburg, Nizhniy, Novgorod, Yekaterinburg Principal Languages: Russian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CIS, CSCE Economy: Currency: Rouble Geography: Main Rivers: Yenisei, Ob, Amur, Lena, Volga, Highest Point: Elbrus 5633 m Climate: Varies hugely, from severe tundra to desert Other Features: Artic deserts in north semi-deserts in far south, elsewhere marshy, treeless plains and forests. Drawing1 Button1 Click For:>>More Info "Pop,Regions" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 18 per 1000 The Russian Federation includes 16 autonomous republics: Bashkiria Kalmykia Tataria Buryatia Karelia Tuva Checheno-Ingushetia Komi Udmurtia Chuvashia Mari El Yakutia Dagestan Mordova Kabardino-Balkaria North Ossetia "Russia" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 SAN MARINO Offical Name: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): Population: 24,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: San Marino Main Towns: Seravalle Principal Languages: Italian Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Italian Lira GNP: 8,590 US$ Main Products: Wine, Wheat, Dairy Products, Ceramics Drawing1 "Pop,Government" Defence: There are no armed forces Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 14 per 1000 Government: Democratically elected 60-member Great and General Council "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: There are no significant rivers Highest Point: Monte Titano 739m Climate: Mild Mediterranean Other Features: San Marino is dominated by the triple limestone peaks of Monte Titano(see above). Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "San Marino" Note1 SLOVAKIA Offical Name: Republika Slovenska (Slovak Republic) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 49,036 Population: 5,262,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 71 yrs Capital City: Bratislavia Main Cities: Kosice, Banska, Bystrica, Nitra, Trnava, Presov Principal Languages: Slovak Principal Religions: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE Economy: Currency: Koruna GNP: 3,140 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Agricultural Products Geography: Main Rivers: Hron, Vah Highest Point: Gerlachovsky 2663 m Climate: Harsh winters, warm summers Other Features: Sth:Mountains Nth:fertile land Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Picture1 Ram Disk: "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 11 per 1000 "Slovakia" Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Note1 SLOVENIA Offical Name: Republika Slovenija (Republic of Slovenia) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 20,250 Population: 1,900,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 73 yrs Capital City: Ljubljana Main Cities: Maribor, Celje, Koper, Kranj Principal Languages: Slovene Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, CSCE, Council of Europe Economy: Currency: Tolar Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals Geography: Main Rivers: Sava Highest Point: Triglav 2863 m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Most of the country is mountainous, and most people live in the flatter area around Ljubljana. "Flag" SoE Working Disk:FLAGS MedRes LitSloDenFinIceNor "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 "Slovenia" Note1 SPAIN Offical Name: Espana (Spain) Political Status: Consitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 504,880 Population: 38,959,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 77 yrs Capital City: Madrid Main Cities: Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Malaga Principal Languages: Spanish, Catalan, Basque Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, WEU, CSCE, OECD, C. of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Peseta GNP: 9,150 Main Products: Motor vehicles, Petroleum products, Iron ore, Food Drawing1 Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Geography Button4 Defence & Pop.Info Button5 Regions "Regions" Spanish Autonomous Communities Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia. "Defence,Pop&Government" Defence: Military Service: 9 months Total Armed Forces: 285,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 9 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 4.4% Government: Democratically elected 208-member Senate (upper house) and 350-member Congress of Deputies (lower house) "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Tagus, Ebro, Douro, Guadiana, Guadalquivir Highest Point: Pico del Tiede 3716m Climate: Most of Spain has a Mediterranean climate Other Features: Mountain ranges, including the Cantabrians and the Sierra Nevada, fringe vast central plateau. "Spain" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 SWEDEN Offical Name: Konungariket Sverige (Kingdom of Sweden) Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 449,790 Population: 8,559,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 78 yrs Capital City: Stockholm Main Cities: Gotenburg, Malmo, Uppsala, Linkoping, Orebro Principal Languages: Swedish Principal Religons: Evangelical Luthern Church of Sweden Organisations: UN, EFTA, CSCE, OECD, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: 100% Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Krona GNP: 21,710 Main Products: Transport equ., Paper products Drawing1 Note2 Defence: Military Service: 7-15 months Total Armed Forces: 64,500 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 6 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 1.6% Government: Democratically elected 349-member Riksdag "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Ume, Torne, Angerman, Klar, Dal Highest Point: Kebnekaise 2123m Climate: Short, hot summers and long, cold winters Other Features: Forested mountains in the north give way to central lowlands and lakes and the fertile Scania plain. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Sweden" Note1 SWITZERLAND Offical Name: Schweizerisch Eidgenossenschaft(German) Confederation suisse(French) Confederazione Svizzera(Italian) Confederaziun Helvetica(Romansch) (Swiss Confederation) Political Status: Federal State Area(sq.km): 41,285 Population: 6,712,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 78 yrs Capital City: Berne Main Cities: Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Lausanne, Lucerne, St.Gallen Principal Languages: German, French, Italian, Romansch Principal Religons: Roman Catholic, Protestant Organisations: EFTA, CSCE, OECD, C. of Europe, UN(observer) Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-16 yrs No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Franc GNP: 30,270 US$ Main Products: Industrial machinery,Pharmaceuticals Drawing1 Button1 Click For:>>> Button2 Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography Drawing2 "Defence,Pop,Government" Defence: Military Service: 1 year Total Armed Forces: 1,100,000 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 7 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 4.6% Government: Democratically elected 46-member Council of States and 200-member National Council "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Rhine, Rhone, Aare, Inn, Ticino Highest Point: Dufourspitze 4634m Climate: Varies with altitude, mainly very cold winters and mild, wet summers Other Features: Mainly mountainous, apart from the central plateau,which contains most of the population. "Switzerland" Button1 Button2 Click For:>>> Note1 TURKEY (stats are for all Turkey,not just European Turkey) Offical Name: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 779,450 Population: 56,098,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 66 yrs Capital City: Ankara Main Cities: Istanbul, Izmir, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep, Konya Principal Languages: Turkish, Kurdish Principal Religons: Sunni Islam Organisations: UN, NATO, OECD, CSCE, Council of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 6-14 yrs No of Universities: Economy: Currency: Lira GNP: 1,360 US$ Main Products: Textiles, Iron ore, Fruit, Leather "Flag" Ram Disk:FLAGS MedRes SpaTurMolRusCroLux "Defence,Pop,Government" Defence: Military Service: 18 months Total Armed Forces: 650,900 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 62 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 32.1% Government: Democratically elected 450-member National Assembly "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Euphrates, Tigris, Kizilrmak, Sakarya Highest Point: Buyuk Agridagi 5185m Climate: Mediterranean Other Features: Mountains in the north and south, costal regions fringed by Mediterranean vegetation. Button3 Defence & Pop.Info Button4 Geography "Turkey" Note1 UKRAINE Offical Name: Ukraina (The Ukraine) Political Status: Republic Area(sq.km): 603,700 Population: 51,857,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 71 yrs Capital City: Main Cities: Kharkov, Donetsk, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk Principal Languages: Ukrainian, Russian Principal Religons: Orthodox Organisations: UN, CIS, CSCE Economy: Currency: Rouble Main Products: Coal, Iron ore, Metal products, Grain Geography: Main Rivers: Dniester, Dnieper Highest Point: Goverla 2058 m Climate: Warm, dry climate Other Features: Ukraine has diverse landscape: marshes, forests, wooded and treeless semi-arid plains. Button1 Click For:>>>Population Info Drawing1 "Population" Other Population Figures: Infant Mortality: 13 per 1000 "Ukraine" Note1 UNITED KINGDOM Offical Name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Political Status: Constitutional Monarchy Area(sq.km): 244,755 Population: 57,411,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 76 yrs Capital City: London Main Cities: Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Leeds-Bradford Principal Languages: English, Welsh, Gaelic (Irish & Scottish) Principal Religons: Protestant, Roman Catholic Organisations: UN, EU, NATO, C, G7, OECD, CSCE, C. of Europe Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 5-16 yrs Economy: Currency: Pound GNP: 14,570 US$ Main Products: Machinery, Transport equ., Chemicals "Leaders" Prime Ministers since 1940 Churchill 1940-45 Atlee 1945-51 Churchill 1951-55 Eden 1955-57 MacMillan 1957-63 Douglas-Home 1963-64 Wilson 1964-70 Heath 1970-74 Wilson 1974-76 Callaghan 1976-79 Thatcher 1979-90 Major 1990- Button1 Geography Button2 Defence & Pop.Info Button3 Leaders Picture1 EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes MalVatPorSwiUKAlb Drawing1 "Def,Pop,Govern,Countries of UK" Defence: Total Armed Forces: 311,600 Other Population Figures: Urban Population: Infant Mortality: 8 per 1000 Pop. Change 1980-90: 1.6% Government: 1166-member House of Lords (upper house) and democratically elected 650-member House of Common s(lower hs.) COUNTRIES OF THE UK Area: Population: Capital: England 130,441 sq.km 47,563,000 London Northern Ireland 14,120 sq.km 1,578,000 Belfast Scotland 78,775 sq.km 5,094,000 Edinburgh Wales 20,768 sq.km 2,857,000 Cardiff "Geography" Geography Main Rivers: Severn, Thames, Trent-Humber, Aire, Ouse, Wye Highest Point: Ben Nevis 1392m Climate: Temperate Other Features: Britain consists of mountains in the north and west and lowland in the east and south. UK Dependencies in Europe Status Area(sq.km) Population Capital Guernsey Crown Dep. 78 60,000 St Peter Port Jersey Crown Dep. 116 84,000 St Helier Isle of Man Crown Dep. 572 64,000 Douglas Gibraltar Colony 31,000 Gibraltar Town "United Kingdom" Note1 VATICAN CITY Offical Name: Stato della Citta del Vaticano(State of the Vatican City) Political Status: Independent Sovereignty Area(sq.km): 0.44 Population: 1,000 Pop. Density: 2,273 Capital City: Vatican City Principal Languages: Italian, Latin Principal Religons: Roman Catholic Organisations: CSCE, UN (observer) Education: No. of Universities: Economy: Currency: Lira Main Products: Only industries are those connected with the church Geography: The state consists of the Vatican City, a walled enclave in Rome. Government: The Pope is elected Bishop of Rome and appoints a Pontifical Commission for administeration of the state. Button1 Defence & Pop.Info Button2 Leaders Picture1 EUROPE:FLAGS MedRes MalVatPorSwiUKAlb "Pop" Defence: Swiss Guard Other Population Figures: Urban Population: 100% Pop. Change 1980-90: "Popes" Popes since 1846 Pius IX 1846-78 Leo XIII 1878-1903 St Pius X 1903-14 Benedict XV 1914-22 Pius XI 1922-39 Pius XII 1939-58 John XXIII 1958-63 Paul VI 1963-78 John Paul I 1978 John Paul II 1978- "Vatican City" Note1 YUGOSLAVIA Offical Name: Federativna Republika Jugoslavija Political Status: Federal Republic Area(sq.km): 127,885 Population: 10,000,000 Pop. Density: Life Expectancy: 73 yrs Capital City: Belgrade Main Cities: Pristina, Subotica, Kragujevac, Podgorica Principal Languages: Serbo-Croat Principal Religons: Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim Organisations: UN, CSCE Education: Literacy Rate: Compulsory Schooling: 7-15 yrs Economy: Currency: Dinar GNP: 2,490 Main Products: Coal, Copper, Transport equ., Chemicals Yugoslav Autonomous Regions: Serbia (pop 9,760,000), Montenegro (pop 632,000) Drawing1 "Yugoslavia" Button1 INTERNATIONAL EUROPEAN ORGANISATIONS This section explains about the main European international organisations, includi ng the EU and the EFTA. It explains how they work and what they do. The biggest part of this section is about the European Union, as it, although one of the smallest (membership wise), is one of the most important internal European organisations. CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE %"European Organisations Introduction" Button1 EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Button2 THE EUROPEAN UNION Button3 EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION Button4 Button5 COUNCIL OF EUROPE Button6 G7,CIS & CEFTA Button7 WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION Button8 Button9 UNITED NATIONS Button10 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY O RGANISATION &"European International Organisations" Picture1 SoE Working Disk: European Flag(large) Button1 THE EUROPEAN UNION List1 SELECT SECTION: States_of_Europe:Pictures/EC.iff The Member Nations History of the European Union !How the European Union is Managed The European Parliament The Council of Ministers 1The Council of Europe and The European Commission The European Court of Justice .The Economic and Social Committee and the ECSC "EU1 The European Union" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 The European Union: A Brief History In 1950 the governments of Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands began negotiations to integrate their interests in certain fields. The result was the Treaty of Paris (1951) under which the European Coal and Steel Community was created. Attempts to establish a community concerned with cooperation in foreign affairs and defence were unsuccessful, but in 1957 the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)-with memberships identical to the ECSC- came into being under the terms of the Treaty of Rome. The three communities were distinct entities until 967, when they merged their exectives and decision-making bodies into a single European "EU2 History of the EU" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 Community (the EC). The Community has since been enlarged through the accession of Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the UK and the reunification of Germany. EC plans for economic and monetary union have been discussed (although this is now even further away since the virtual collapse of the European Monetary System) and there has been increased coordination in foreign policies and research and development. Since the ratification of the Masstrict Treaty in 1993 the EC became known as the umbrella body, The European Union (EU) How the EU is Managed The three European Communities (EC, ECSC & Euratom) are managed by common institutions. As a result they are increasingly referred to in the singular, the EuropeanUnion. The Unions`s decision- "EU3 How the EU is Managed" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 making process involves: the European Commission, which draws up proposals and implements decisions, the European Parliament, which delivers opinions on these proposals, and the Council of Ministers, which takes the final decisions. The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance ensure that Community law is observed, while the Court of Auditors monitors the financial management of the Community. Lastly, the Economic and Social Committee and the ECSC Consultative Committee act as advisory bodies. The Institions of the European Union The European Parliament The European Parliament consists of 518 members directly elected for five years by universal adult suffrage. Members have the right to be consulted on "EU4 The European Parliament(1)" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 legislative proposals submitted by the Council of Ministers or the Commission and the power to reject or amend the budget of the EU. The Parliament meets in Strasbourg (France), its committees meet in Brussels (Belgium), and its Secretariat is based in Luxenbourg. Breakdown of Distribution of Seats by Country Belgium:24 seats Denmark:16 seats Germany:81 seats Greece:24 seats Spain:60 seats France:81 seats Ireland:15 seats Italy:81 seats Luxembourg:6 seats Netherlands:25 seats Portugal:24 seats United Kingdom:81 seats Sceduled to join the Union in January 1995 are: Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Cyprus and Malta are to begin entry negotiations in 1996. "EU5 The European Parliament(2)" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers meets in Brussels and, less frequently, in Luxembourg. The Council consists of Ministers from each member state and is responsible for making the major policy decisions of the Union. Each Member State acts as President of the Council for six months in rotation. Meetings are attended by different Ministers according to the agenda: for instance, Agriculture Ministers discuss farm prices, while employment matters are dealt with the Ministers for Employment and the Economy. The Ministers for Foreign Affairs are responsible for the Community`s external relations and coordinate the more specialized work of their colleagues. They also develop political cooperation with each other on major international problems. "EU6 The Council of Ministers" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 The European Council The European Council is part of the Council of Ministers. The European Council, which was instituted in 1975, nbrings together the Heads of State or Government of the Member States and the President of the Commission, assisted by the Foreign Ministers and a Member of the Commission. It meets two or three times a year and deals with both Union affairs and political cooperation. It acts as a guide and a driving force and its role should not be underestimated, even if it does not directly adopt Union legislation. The European Commission The Commision of the European Communities consists of 17 members appointed by their national governments for a term of four years. France, ""EU7 European Council & Commision" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK all have two members on the Commission while the other countries have one member each. The Commissioners elect from their number a President and six Vice Presidents. The Commission, which acts independently of national governments and only in the interests of the Union, makes proposals to the Council of Ministers and executes the decisions of the Council.The current President is Jacques Delors (France). The Court of Justice The Court of Justice of the Union, which sits in Luxembourg, comprises of 13 Judges assisted by six Advocates-General. Both the Judges and the Advocates General are appointed for six years by mutual agreement of the governments of the Member States. Their independence is guaranteed.The Court`s role is: "EU8 Court of Justice" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 *to declare void, at the request of a Union institution, Member State or individual directed concerened, any legal instruments adopted by the Commission, the Council of Ministers or national governments which are in compatible with Union law; *to pass judgement, at the request of a national court, on the interpreation or validity of points of Union law. If a legal action produces a disputed point of this kind, a national court can request a preliminary ruling by the European Court. It must do so if there is no higher court of appeal in the member State concerned. The Economic and Social Committee and the ECSC Consultative Committee Before a Commission proposal can be adopted by the )"EU9 Economic&Social and ECSC Committees" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 Council, it must be sent for an opinion not only to the European Parliament, but also, in the majority of cases, to the Union`s Economic and Social Committee. This is a consultative body with 189 members who represent employers, trade unions and other special interest groups, such as farmers and consumers. Matters relating to coal and steel are referred to the ECSC Consultative Committee, which is made up of representatives of manufacturers, traders, workers and consumers. "EU10 ECSC" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 The Council of Europe The Council of Europe was founded in London in 1949. It aims to achieve a greater unity between its members to safeguard their common European heritage and to aid their economic and social growth. Membership is open to European nations that "accept the principals of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within their jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms". The Council of Ministers, which consists of the foreign ministers of all the member states, meets twice each year and their representatives meet once a month. Agreements by the Council are in the form of European Conventions or as looser recommenations to governments. "Council of Europe(1)" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 The headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg, France. Members of the Council of Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland San Marino Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom The flag of the Council of Europe is the same as that of the EU: twelve gold stars on a blue background "Council of Europe(2)" Note1 The Western European Union The Western European Union was founded in 1948 with the aim of cooperating "in economic, social and cultural matters and for collective self-defence". These functions have been gradually transferred to the EU, the Council of Europe and NATO. Although, in 1984, the WEU was reactivated to try and improve military cooperation between it`s members and to help them improve their contributions to NATO. The headquarters of the WEU are in London, UK. The members of the WEU are: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. "Western European Union" Note1 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) The CSCE was came about in 1975 under the Final Act of a security conference held in Helsinki, Finland. The aims of CSCE were put forward in the Charter of Paris, which was signed by all the member states in November 1990. Members pledged a "commitment to settle disputes by peaceful means" and a "common adherence to democratic values and to human rights and fundamental freedoms". The Charter, which effectivally formally ended the Cold War, proposed a CSCE assembly, with members of the parliament drawn from all member countries. It was agreed that CSCE foreign ministers should meet at least once a year. "CSCE" Note1 European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The EFTA aims to achieve free trade in industrial goods between it`s member nations, to help create a single West European market and to promote an expansion in world trade. The first aim was met in December 1966 when most internal taxes on industrial goods were abolished. Considerable progress was made towards the second aim in April 1984 when trade agreements with the EC abolished taxes on industrial goods between EFTA and EC countries. The EFTA was founded on 3 May 1960 in Stockholm, Sweden. Membership: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "EFTA" Note1 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) The OECD was founded in September 1961 to replace the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation which had been established under the Marshall Aid Plan in 1948. It encourages economic and social welfare in member states and aims to improve aid to developing countries. It`s headquarters are in Paris, France. Members in Europe are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The EU is an observer member. "OECD" Note1 Group of Seven (G7) G7 is a grouping of the World`s leading economic powers. Since 1975 the heads of government of these countries have met for regular summits concerning major economic, monetary and political problems. Membership: Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) The CIS is a grouping of most of the former republics of the USSR. It's members in Europe are: Armenia, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and the Ukraine. Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) The CEFTA was set up in 1992 by Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungar It intends to set up a free trade area by 2001. "G7,CIS,CEFTA" Note1 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) NATO was an idea first put forward by the Secretary of State for External Affairs for Canada in April 1949 and came into force in August 1949. NATO is often called the Western Alliance. The North Atlantic Council is the highest authority of the alliance. It comprises of 16 permanment representatives, one from each member nation, and is chaired by the Secretary General of NATO. The defence of the NATO area is the responsibity of the Defence Planning Committee. France is not a member of the DPC, which meets regularly at ambassadorial level and twice a year at ministerial level. European members are: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and UK. "NATO" Note1 THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations officially came into being on 24 October 1945. There were 51 founder countries. Today, membership totals 179 countries, including every country in Europe, except Andorra (although some European countries are only observer members). The main work of the UN is peace-keeping, in such places as Bosnia and Cyprus. The UN is also involved in a vast range of cultural, economic and humanitarian work. The main institutions of the UN are: The General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The UN also controls various other bodies including: WHO, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNEP, IMF, UNESCO, IDA, GATT, and IAEA. "United Nations" Button1 STATES euROpe SELECTION STATISTIC LISTS VARIOUS ASPECTS EUROPE , INCLUDING POPULATION WEALTH Button2 CLICK HERE TO BEGIN SECTION Button3 List1 Select List To View: Most Highly Pop.Nations Least Populated Nations Most Densely Pop.Nations Least Densely Pop.Nations Highest Infant Mortality Lowest Infant Mortality Longest Life Expectancy Shortest Life Expectancy Richest Nations Largest Cities Largest Nations Smallest Nations Longest Rivers Highest Mountains Button4 Return To Menu "Eurolists" Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 Button4 THE 1O MOST HIGHLY POPULATED COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country population Russia 148,263,000 Germany 79,479,000 Italy 57,662,000 United Kingdom 57,411,000 France 56,440,000 Turkey 56,098,000 Ukraine 51,857,000 Spain 38,959,000 Poland 38,180,000 Romania 23,200,000 "Least Populated Countries" THE 1O LEAST POPULATED COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country population Vatican City 1,000 San Marino 24,000 Monaco 29,000 Liechtenstein 29,000 Andorra 52,000 Iceland 255,000 Malta 354,000 Luxembourg 381,000 Cyprus 702,000 Estonia 1,583,000 "Eurolists-Populations" Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 "Most densely pop" THE 1O MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country pop. density Monaco 14,500/sq.km Vatican City 2,273/sq.km Malta 1,120/sq.km San Marino 393/sq.km Netherlands 365/sq.km Belgium 323/sq.km United Kingdom 235/sq.km Germany 222/sq.km Italy 191/sq.km Liechtenstein 181/sq.km "Least Density Populated" THE 1O LEAST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country pop. density Iceland 2/sq.km Russia 9/sq.km Norway 13/sq.km Finland 15/sq.km Sweden 19/sq.km Estonia 35/sq.km Latvia 42/sq.km Belorussia 49/sq.km Ireland 51/sq.km Lithuania 57/sq.km "Eurolists-Pop.Density" Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 "Highest Mortality Rates" THE 1O COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN EUROPE country mortality rate Turkey 62 per 1000 Macedonia 35 per 1000 Albania 32 per 1000 Azerbaijan 26 per 1000 Moldavia 21 per 1000 Yugoslavia 21 per 1000 Georgia 20 per 1000 Armenia 20 per 1000 Romania 19 per 1000 Russia 18 per 1000 Button5 THE 13 LOWEST INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN EUROPE country mortality rate Liechtenstein 3 per 1000 Finland 5 per 1000 Iceland 5 per 1000 Sweden 6 per 1000 Norway 6 per 1000 Denmark 6 per 1000 France 7 per 1000 Switzerland 7 per 1000 Ireland 8 per 1000 United Kingdom 8 per 1000 Netherlands 8 per 1000 Germany 8 per 1000 Belgium 8 per 1000 "Eurolists-IMR" Button3 Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 "Longest Life Expectancy" THE 9 COUNTRIES WITH THE LONGEST LIFE EXPECTANCY IN EUROPE country life expectancy Andorra 78 yrs Iceland 78 yrs Netherlands 78 yrs Sweden 78 yrs Switzerland 78 yrs Cyprus 77 yrs France 77 yrs Greece 77 yrs Spain 77 yrs "Shortest Life Expectancy" THE 1O COUNTRIES WITH SHORTEST LIFE EXPECTANCY IN EUROPE country life expectancy Turkey 66 yrs Moldavia 69 yrs Azerbaijan 70 yrs Estonia 70 yrs Latvia 70 yrs Liechtenstein 70 yrs Russia 70 yrs Lithuania 71 yrs Slovakia 71 yrs Ukraine 71 yrs "Eurolists-Life Expect." Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 "Richest Countries" THE 1O RICHEST COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country GNP per person Switzerland 30,270 US$ Luxembourg 24,860 US$ Norway 21,850 US$ Sweden 21,710 US$ Iceland 21,240 US$ Liechtenstein 21,000 US$ Germany 20,750 US$ Denmark 20,510 US$ Finland 17,830 US$ France 17,830 US$ "Largest Cities" THE 1O LARGEST CITIES IN EUROPE city country population Moscow Russia 10,367,000 London UK 9,170,000 Paris France 8,709,000 St.Petersburg Rus.5,020000 Istanbul Turkey 4,870,000 Milan Italy 4,738,000 Madrid Spain 4,103,000 Barcelona Spain 4,103,000 Berlin Germany 3,300,000 Athens Greece 3,223,000 "Eurolists-Richest/Cities" Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 "Largest Countries" THE 1O LARGEST COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country area Russia 17,078,000 sq.km Turkey 779,450 sq.km Ukraine 603,700 sq.km France 543,965 sq.km Spain 504,880 sq.km Sweden 449,790 sq.km Germany 357,868 sq.km Finland 337,030 sq.km Norway 323,895 sq.km Poland 312,685 sq.km "Smallest Countries" THE 1O SMALLEST COUNTRIES IN EUROPE country area Vatican City 0.44 sq.km Monaco 2 sq.km San Marino 61 sq.km Liechtenstein 160 sq.km Malta 316 sq.km Andorra 465 sq.km Luxembourg 2,585 sq.km Cyprus 9,250 sq.km Slovenia 20,250 sq.km Macedonia 25,713 sq.km "Eurolists-Large/Small" Button1 STATES euROpe Button2 Button3 "Longest Rivers" THE 1O LONGEST RIVERS IN EUROPE river countries length Volga Russia 3,530 km Danube Ger.,Aus.,Slov.,Hun.,Yugo., Rom.,Bulg.,Rus. 2,850 km Russia 2,540 km Dnepr Russia,Belorussia, Ukraine 2,285 km Russia 1,969 km Pechora Russia 1,809 km Russia 1,805 km Russia 1,500 km Belaya Russia 1,430 km Dnestr Ukr.,Mold.1,352 km "Highest Mountains" THE 1O HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN EUROPE mountain height(highest point) Elbrus 5,642m Dykh Tau 5,203m Shkhara 5,201m Pik Shota Rustaveli 5,190m Koshtantau 5,144m Pik Pushkin 5,100m Jangi Tau 5,051m Dzhangi Tau 5,049m Kazbek 5,047m Katyn Tau 4,985m all peaks in Caucasus`,Russia "Eurolists-Rivers/Mount." Note1 EUROPEAN MISCELLANEOUS VARIOUS OTHER AREAS OF EUROPE Note2 Click Below To Select Section: Button1 EUROPE IN SPACE European Space Programs in the 1990`s Button2 EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS Select the country you require and the code will be displayed Button3 THE FLAG OF EUROPE The Twelve Gold Stars Button4 Return To Main Menu Button5 Notes & Credits "European Miscellaneous" Picture1 EUROPE:EuropeFlag Brushes European Flag(large) Note1 THE FLAG OF EUROPE The European flag consists of twelve gold stars on a blue background. Contary to popular belief,these do not stand for the twelve members of the EC, but represent symmetry and harmony. It is the offical flag of the Council of Europe since 1955 and the EC since 1986. It is the only flag that can really be called the true "Flag of Europe". Button1 CLICK "European Flag" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag "Ireland" Ireland "Austria" Austria List1 SELECT COUNTRY: Albania Alderney Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus * Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Guernsey * Hungary Iceland Ireland * Isle of Man * Italy Jersey * Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom * Vatican City Yugoslavia Greece Hungary "gbg" Guernsey Faeroe Islands Denmark Finland "rsm" San Marino Romania Button9 Slovenia "russia" Russia Poland Portugal Norway Italy "gru" Georgia "gbz" Gibralter "Belgium" Belgium "mol" Moldova Monaco Malta Lithuania Latvia "gbm" Isle of Man "gba" Alderney United Kingdom Liechtenstein "Croatia" Croatia "Switzerland" Switzerland "Bulgaria" Bulgaria "Andorra" Andorra Iceland "gbj" Jersey France "Germany" Germany "Cyprus" Cyprus "Czech" Czech Republic "Belarus" Belarus "Albania" Albania Sweden Luxembourg Spain Netherlands Estonia Slovakia Turkey "ukr" Ukraine Vatican City Yugoslavia Button49 Countries marked with an "*" drive on the left, all others drive on the right "TITLE" EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL VEHICLE REGISTRATION LETTERS Note3 This section lists the codes used by vehicles when travelling internationally, to distinguish it`s nationallity. Scroll through the list on the left to find the desired country and click on it. The code will be displayed on the right. Click "OK" before viewing another code. Button51 Click To Return To Menu "Vehicle Registration Codes" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 EUROPE IN SPACE THE EUROPEAN SPACE ORGANISATIONS Note2 THIS SECTION DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCYS THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY In December 1977 the European Space Agency selected it`s first group of astronauts, who would fly as the payload specialists aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle, with the ESA`s Spacelab project. They first flew in November 1983 and the ESA has had astronauts on the Shuttles reguarly since then. The ESA also has it`s own independent projects, such as the Ariane 5 booster and a space laboratory to be attached to the U.S. Freedom space station when it is built. The members of the European Space Agency are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the U.K. European countries with national space programs are described on the next page. "Europe in Space (1)" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 OTHER EUROPEAN SPACE PROGRAMS CENTRE NATIONAL d`ETUDES SPATIALES (CNES) CNES, the French Space Agency, is Europe`s biggest national space agency. The CNES regulary has astronauts on flights to the Mir space station, as well as it`s own projects. THE RUSSIAN SPACE AGENCY The RSA manages 80% of the former U.S.S.R.`s programs, but has had to endure massive budget cuts since independence. Germany has been involved in flights to the Mir space station and aboard the space shuttle, as well as being one of the main players in the ESA. Italy and the United Kingdom also have their own programs, while also being members of the ESA. Button1 +States_of_Europe:Pictures/Europe_from_space CLICK HERE TO SEE EUROPE FROM SPACE Button2 CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO THE MENU "Europe in Space (2)" Picture1 Ram Disk: Background Flag Note1 I would welcome any comments, suggestions or critisisms about this project. You can write to me at: David White, Ballinakill, Dunmore Road, Waterford, IRELAND It is possible States of Europe may have to be updated at some stage, as the situation in Eastern Europe is likely to produce yet more new nations, or as new, updated material comes to hand. If you send me your name and address I will keep you updated on developments. Note2 Feedback Note3 Credits I would just like to thank Chris Hill & SP of Total Concepts! and John Dell of Gre endell Technologies for their help and advice on project Note4 STATES EUROPE D.White Note5 Click Here For Menu Note6 Vorsprung Durch Technik! INFORMATION! Drawing1 Button1 V . D . I . ! "Notes & Credits" df0:DPaint DH2:WORKS!/SCRIBBLE! ruby.font ruby.font ruby.font times.font